Food Waste? Too valuable to waste! Essay

According to statistics from the Environmental Protection Department, in Hong Kong, solid waste generated daily weighs around 17000 tones, of which around 30% is organic matter (2700 tones) which is roughly equal to 120 double-deck buses in size. Compared this to the US where, revealed by the Environmental Protection Agency, only 12% of waste stream was scrap of food in 2005. Extra care in disposal is required for these putrescible wastes, otherwise nuisance to the environment will be caused. Food waste not only causes a feculent choking smell, but also discharges a huge amount of concentrated greenhouse gases, methane and polluted water, all of which are leading to the global warming that we highly concerned about. All the food wastes are currently disposed to landfills, however all the existing landfills will be saturated within 5 years. Construction of new landfill is a problem because of a lack of available space that is far away from residential areas. Therefore, seeking out alternative ways for food waste treatment has become an imperative for the government. Before discussing cutting food waste at its source, there is another possible destiny for surplus food besides disposal – Food recycling. The food waste for food recycling can be categorized into two parts: edible (bread, vegetable and meat) and inedible (bones and eggshell). Food Waste Processor Basically, inedible food wastes are useful in that they can be recycled and reused. Through natural biodegradation by bacteria, all the organic waste will be converted into organic fertilizer and soil stabilizer. According to the journal of â€Å"Food waste composting – sustainable organic waste management† (Jonathan, 2003), in some advanced countries in Europe, central food waste treatments has been practiced for years. All the domestic food waste will be collected and transported to central composting facilities which are installed far away from the residential areas. However, this huge facility is not available to Hong Kong owing to the limited area. The Ecotech Food Waste Processor, a new technology for the same purpose is being tested in Hong Kong, including Hong Kong International Airport, housing estates and universities. Due to the tiny space of Hong Kong, it is well-designed for being used in small communities such as restaurants and housing estates which are the main sources of food waste. A large processing capacity 100kg per day is supported with a small sized machine. The automatic processor is easy to operate and is equipped with self-adjustment of temperature and moisture which are decisive parameters for the speed of reaction. Also, the specially formulated microbes and materials are used in the processor to increase the rate of biodegradation. To enhance the transportation efficiency, the volume of food waste will be reduced by about 90% in 24 hours. The composite fertilizer contains high nutrient value including nitrogen which is a major element for plant growth. This new technology is suitable for Hong Kong, as it has limited space. All the food waste can be recycled and become useful materials rather than being disposed in landfill. Besides reducing the load of landfill, the valuable organic materials, which are transformed from the â€Å"waste†, are nutrients to our health and the Earth. Since vegetables grown by organic fertilizer is much healthier to human than those grown by chemical fertilizer. Therefore, this processor should be widely used in Hong Kong in order to minimize the amount of food waste and raise public awareness of this exigent problem. Surplus Food Donation The Environmental Protection Department stated that â€Å"the amount of food wasted by Hong Kong’s restaurants, hotels, and food manufacturers has more than doubled in the past five years.† Effort should be focused on collecting leftover food donation as a huge pile of edible food waste is created from restaurants every day. Foodlink is a nonprofit organization working on this aspect. It takes surplus food from over 40 hotels and restaurants and delivers it to charity groups such as Home of Love in Sham Shui Po and Action Care that works with the less privileged communities in society. Regarding to an article â€Å"The food chain† (Grace, 2012), about one million people in Hong Kong are suffering from hunger and struggling to fill their stomachs. Freshly cooked food is something that they cannot support on a daily basis, especially for the one million people in Hong Kong who are living below the poverty line. Actually, those government-sponsored food banks only provide canned or prepackaged food which is unhealthy in the long term. On the contrary, the hot leftover food from the hotels and restaurants is nutrient rich. In fact, this creates a triple win situation for the landfills, charities and hotels. By examining the amount of excess food that transport to the charity, the hotel can determine the appropriate quantity of food for each day. Eventually, not only less food waste will be produced, but the cost of excess food production and food waste treatment can be reduced and eliminated. Also, less recyclable food will be wasted and disposed to landfills. Therefore sponsorship to those charities and public promotions is an obligation for the Hong Kong government. As the old saying goes â€Å"Prevention is better than cure†, cutting the food waste at its source is the best ways to solve this issue. However, despite there being less food waste being disposed to landfills, the food waste problem will continue to occur if the eating habits do not change. Food waste charge Similar to the solid garbage charges being promoted in the past few months, food waste charges could be implemented in restaurants to minimize this problem commercially. According to Friends of the Earth, in the catering industry, hotel buffets and restaurants that offer â€Å"all you can eat† are the major sources of uneaten food, which then goes into the landfills. Many customers whose â€Å"eyes are bigger than their stomachs† usually order far more dishes that they are able to consume, so the surplus food eventually has to be disposed of. Some hot pot restaurants that provide â€Å"all you can eat† strictly charge the leftover food per kilogram in order to minimize the problem. However, only a few hotel buffets in Hong Kong are willing to charge for the uneaten food since it may lower its attractiveness. In foreign countries, London and America are good role models that are attempting to use this policy to solve the food waste issue. A Chinese restaurant Kylin Buffet in London will charge a $32 â€Å"wastage fee† for the excess food. A â€Å"guilty fee† is imposed to charge the uneaten food in a Japanese restaurant located in Manhattan. In order to enhance the popularity of food waste charges, promotion and communications with restaurants are necessary for the government. Through this policy, it arouses public awareness of food waste so that the eating habit may finally improve. Since the food waste fee acts as a reminder and warning to customers to make self-adjustments to their appetite. All in all, for thousands of years, famine has continued to happen somewhere throughout human history. In fact, the current food production and storage in the world is more than enough to support the whole populations if we are able to minimize food waste. The food waste processor, leftover food donation and fee charging are the substantive measures to minimize the food waste and reduce the load of landfills from two main aspects (usage and source of food waste). As a Chinese proverb says â€Å"every grain is from hard toil†, hardship is required in food growing, we should cherish food and respect the nature that nurtures us. (1261 words) References 1. Food Waste Management in HK. (2011). Environmental Protection Department. Retrieved from http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/prob_solutions/owt_food.html 2. Municipal Solid Waste in The United States – 2009 Facts and Figures. (2010). Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/wastes/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/msw2009rpt.pdf 3. Jonathan, W. (2003, May). Food waste composting – sustainable organic waste management. New Horizons, 3, 12-13. Retrieved from http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~cpro/online_pub/nh0203/nh0203_12-13.pdf 4. Monitoring of Solid Waste in Hong Kong – Waste Statistics for 2011. (2012). Environmental Protection Department. Retrieved from https://www.wastereduction.gov.hk/en/materials/info/msw2011.pdf 5. Grace, T. (2012, April 19). The Food Chain. Retrieved from http://hk.asia-city.com/city-living/article/food-chain 6. Order Less Waste Less. (2012). Friends of the Earth. Retrieved from http://www.foe.org.hk/welcome/geten.asp?id_path=1,%207,%2028,%20150,%204310,%204566

Case Analysis for Cirque du Soleil Case Essay

1. Describe how the touring show life cycle is supported by IT. While reading the case, you can access Cirque’s website and see actual applications (e.g. casting, ticket sales, and Cirque Club). According to this case, every step of the touring show life cycle is supported by IT. With regard to creation stage, IT plays an important role to improve this process. There is an application whose name is Open Eyes developed by IT. All of Cirque’s employees could access to Cirque’s Intranet and share interesting or surprising discoveries to others. Moreover, sharing this kind of information is significant to Cirque du Soleil because it keeps Cirque du Soleil staying top of the newest artistic rends. With regard to design stage, there are several applications created by IT to make those activities of design stage more effective and convenient. A costume application can save a lot of different measurements to costume patterns for every artist and keep this information in a database. The more important point is that this application connects with other applications to manage diverse sides of costume-making process. With regard to preparation stage, there is a Kin-Cirque application developed by IT to help artists practice reinforce their training experience. Physical fitness specialists could know how every artist’s physical condition develops. In addition, Kin-Cirque application connected with other applications to provide the exact physical measurements and needs of artists to equipment department. Then the equipment department can complete their jobs more easily. With regard to the diffusion of Cirque shows, IT has great influences on improving customer’s experience. There is an official website created by IT. People can access to this website from various parts of world. Especially the online forum where people can find special promotion, press galleries, and employment opportunities and so on was built up by IT. What is more, customers can purchase show tickets, select the seats, get the direction and so forth through an online box office. With regard to logistics stage, an e lectronic document management system and linguistic software are created by IT. They can coordinate and calibrate more than 150000 terms which depict countless equipment used at Cirque. Also they are stored in the Cirque’s databases. In addition, â€Å"IT roadcases† and VoIP technology which help Cirque du Soleil reduce a great  amount of time of touring infrastructure were developed by IT. Finally with regard to resource management, IT is widely applied to increase efficiency. IT developed an application which can assist the casting department to manage the artist bank and projects that could be old one, present one and future one. Applicants could submit their videos or performances via this application to conduct the recruitment process and their application materials would be stored in the databases. And that the Virtual Talent Scout was developed in Sep 2007. The pool of talent was enlarged by the Virtual Talent Scout. This increases Cirque’s abilities to deal with artist injury, increasing demand and accidents. In a word, to a large extent the whole touring show life cycle is supported and ameliorated by IT. 2. What was the level of alignment at Cirque du Soleil in 2008? According to the introduction of the case, the level of alignment at Cirque du Soleil is quite high in 2008.   First of all, the touring IT experts work closely with each other, even they are not in the same location. Everyone in the IT team performed as an integral and can resolve a big problem effectively and corporately. Secondly, there are a lot of servers all over the world. Employees can be easy to access to the applications and communicate with others, company, related department and so on very well. In short, in 2008 people at Cirque du Soleil can work together tightly and complete a great number of successful performances around the world. So it is a very high level of alignment at Cirque du Soleil in 2008. 3. What was the level of tension between the business needs and IT capacity? Through reading the whole case, I think the level of tension between the business needs and IT capacity is low. Because IT has improved the whole touring show life cycle and make the business effectively. Moreover, the most important point is that IT has help Cirque du Soleil to increase its customers and reduce the time of setting up the touring infrastructure which means cost of time. According achievements of IT, I could say there was a low level of tension between the business needs and IT capacity. 4. What are the key requirements, in terms of the IT architecture, of the support provided by IT at Cirque du Soleil? IT group needs to integrate the data from diverse activities. The design, ongoing improvement, growth of business, applications should meet the company’s business requirements. Moreover, IT group needs to do their best to make Cirque du Soleil operate efficiency  through information integration and management. Of course, IT group should maintain the databases and ensure all information is updated.

Business In The City Of Madinat Zayed Assignment

Business In The City Of Madinat Zayed - Assignment Example The rent for the first month was paid in cash at that date. The partners also got one year insurance policy for the business and paid AED 7,500 in advance for the policy. On March 03, 2014, the partners purchased some stationery items required for running the business amounting AED 730 in cash. The stationery items include pens, pencils, diaries, customers’ registers etc. On March 05, 2014, the partners bought furniture for the business amounting AED 3,600 from Woodies Inc. on credit. The useful life of the furniture is estimated to be six (6) years. The partners also purchased a car for the school costing AED 24,000 from Mania Motors on the same date. AED 15,000 was paid at the time of purchase while the remaining balance is agreed to be settled in twenty (20) equal monthly installments. The useful life of car is estimated to be ten (10) years. All fixed assets are agreed to be depreciated on a straight-line basis. The Solutions Tech. has policy of charging full period deprec iation in the period of purchase. The business received AED 6,000 from different customers for the services provided in the first month. AED 4,000 was received on March 03, 2014, while AED 1,150 was received on March 12, 2014 and AED 850 was received on March 25, 2014. AED 600 and AED 1,200 were outstanding on account of Mr. Yaqoob and Mr. Williams in respect of services rendered on March 16, 2014 and March 19, 2014 respectively. However, Mr. Yaqoob had settled his account by the end of the month. The business paid AED 2,000 to Woodies Inc on March 28, 2014 on account of the furniture purchased. The Solutions Tech. also received an amount of AED 1,200 on March 31, 2014 in advance on account of development of Internal Network of â€Å"Ziad Consultants & Co.†. The work will be performed in April 2014. The business also purchased the advertisement services of â€Å"Metro Media† for advertising the newly established business at a cost of AED 2,000 on March 13, 2013. The pa rtners paid only AED 800 on March 18, 2013 for the services rendered. The remaining amount is outstanding till the period end. Mr. [Your/ Partner’s Name] has withdrawn an amount of AED 1,400 for personal use on March 31, 2014.

The effects of garbage in the enviroment Annotated Bibliography

The effects of garbage in the enviroment - Annotated Bibliography Example The authors of the piece therefore discuss and analyze the ways in which current and proposed future measures can effect such a goal. This article discusses the way in which under-developed nations take upon themselves a large amount of discarded electronic equipment as a means of reclaiming the nearly 300 tons of gold that are placed into such instruments each and every year. Although this is a lucrative way for developing nations to seek to enhance their own local economies, it has a very high health and safety cost and is only engaged by those least The two approaches that the authors put forward have to do with increasing efficiency of production and seeking to find alternative uses for the waste that is generated. As a means of integrating this idea into the essay, this student will seek not to take one approach over another but rather to seek to include both approaches as a means of reducing the seemingly ever increasing size and heft of waste that the current global system generates. This particular article discusses the ways in which technology offers an ever increasing array of solutions for the levels and toxicity of the waste that the current system produces. Rather than finding ways to reduce the waste per se, the authors hold out something of a modernist approach that claims that the increases in technology that are taking place so rapidly in the world around us will be able to ameliorate many of the issues with waste as they exist within the current system. This article engages the reader with an understanding of how unethical and ultimately unfair the toxic waste trade is. Rather than the industrialized nations seeking to deal with the toxic waste that they generate, it is oftentimes pawned off to poorer countries that are desperate for the influx of FDI that large multinational firms can provide. In this way, a type of econ-slavery

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Economics of Construction is the class... i need a 3 page paper on Describe the federal reserve system and the various ways it effects the market economy - Essay Example The V and Q are fixed so that any change in M causes a proportionate change in P. To control P, it is therefore necessary that M be brought under control. Any policy with respect to this is known as monetary policy. Amongst various instruments available with central bank are interest rates, reserve requirements, interventions in the credit market and so on. These instruments are used to influence the demand for liquidity and, thus, M could be controlled. In fact, Federal Reserve uses several policy instruments to reduce the adverse effects of fluctuations in income. An important instrument used to influence money supply is interest rate, which is signaled by Federal Rate. In the transaction motive for money, there is an inverse relationship between opportunity cost of money that is interest rate and demand for liquidity. As such, if Federal targets inflation, it would have to increase interest rate so that liquidity is removed from the system. Any increase in interest rate would induce people to part away liquidity and thereby bring about stability in the price level. Second mechanism operates through credit market. It is assumed that borrowing from credit market finances entire investment spending. Credit expansion is an important mechanism for money creation; thus, if credit expansion is controlled, money supply can be controlled and so price could be controlled. Federal could use interest rate directly to influence credit creation. A necessary and sufficient condition for investment to take place is that marginal efficiency of capital, measured by rate of return, should be at least or equal to cost of capital, given by interest rate. With every increase in Federal rate, the Federal Reserve indirectly increases cost of capital such that the basic condition for investment spending gets violated. This reduces incentives for private investment resulting is lack demand for credit. Similarly, if the economy has slowed down, they could reduce

Islam in New York City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Islam in New York City - Essay Example Knowing these objectives in advance, I recognized the willingness of the Center to provide a comprehensive and immersive experience for the pursuit of truth for its own sake. Since the Center is devoted to enlightening the public, I knew they would be open to providing instruction and first-hand experience. In addition, I gained much from not only visiting the mosque itself, but also touring the other parts of the Center, which are an asset to Muslims living in Manhattan. These experiences represented an opportunity to apply what I have learned about the history, doctrine, and practices of Islam in the classroom. Before visiting the Center, I phoned the front desk to inform them that I would like to visit the Center, its mosque and other parts. They quickly agreed after realizing that my visit was for the purpose of education. I came on a Sunday, which is a day that the Center offers classes for children and adults. I did not know that these classes are open to non-Muslims as well. I was impressed by the inclusiveness of the mosque, especially in the fact that every student (regardless of their religious affiliation) learned Qur’anic Arabic, prayers, and general Islamic teachings touching upon different aspects of life. If I had more time and had planned to take one of these courses ahead of time, I would have. I learned that the Center is in the final stages of building a full-time Islamic school by seeing the final touch-up work on the building. Before coming to the mosque, I knew to respect the thought that a Muslim should wear clean, loose-fitting clothes that cover ankles and wrists. Respectful of this tradition, I approached the mosque in the morning. The doors leading up to the mosque were very large and constructed from a hard material. I noticed immediately that the mosque itself was very large and stood apart from the rest of the building. I understood why this might be because, throughout history and still today, mosques serve as both social a nd political centers for Muslims. The integration of religious and political life means that the same building serves two very essential functions, which was even more reason to be respectful when visiting the site. When I entered the mosque portion of the Center, I immediately noticed the shoe racks against the wall to my left and my right. I thought this was logical, given the need for worshippers to put away their shoes or slippers to pray. I am still unsure why specifically Muslims remove their shoes when they enter a mosque: whether it is because of hygienic reasons to protect the rugs in the prayer chamber or because it is holy ground and a sign of admiration for the surroundings Regardless, I removed my shoes and continued into the reception area of the mosque. I noticed also very classical vases and pottery that was symbolic of Islamic history. In some of these pots and vases were plants that seem to have come straight from the Middle East. I saw this as an acknowledgement o f Islam’s long and storied history in the arts, which I recognized as overall very important the Center as far as it is concerned with promoting knowledge and awareness of Islamic history. Also in the reception area was the Lillah box, which collects charity given voluntarily. The Lillah represents more giving than the Zakah, which is obligatory giving. The proceeds from the Lillah

Waiting for Superman (2010) Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Waiting for Superman (2010) Film - Essay Example The director of the movie is Davis Guggenheim, and the producer is Lesley Chilcott. Several students are used to reflect as they struggle to be accepted in the charter school. The Audience Award honored the film in 2010 as one of the best documentary. This paper seeks to focus on ‘Waiting for Superman’ (2010) film. In the film waiting for the superman (2010), several problems are identified as an impediment to quality education standards. One of the problems is the tiresome process one is supposed to undergo  in order to get a place in the schools thought to be best performing. Those schools that are best, and have spaces depend on lottery for enrollment, hence denying chance to many students. Consequently, they are forced to go through schools whose performances rank low in all aspects of academics. The other significant policy problem identified in this issue is bureaucracy employed by the teachers union. Most of the teachers are unable to inject their knowledge to s upport students to achieve satisfactory grades. Furthermore, those teachers identified to contribute to poor performance of the student are not fired. They are protected by security of tenure, which is easily acquired after two years of teaching. The other problem identified by the movie is the issue of perception that individual background determines the level of performance. He disputes this fact and notes if such individual are exposed to formal education standards, and have exceptional teachers they are more likely to make it to the college. There is also lack of motivation of exceptional performing teachers as their payments are standardized (Participant Media and Weber 17-22). Many causes have led to various policy problems as identified by the film. The most notable is the bureaucracy of the teacher union. Even after identification of poorly performing teacher, it takes a long time, for such teacher to be expelled. In addition, the union contract is a source of impediment to school reforms. Such a teacher also continues receiving money from the exchequer. The other challenge is the issue of United States standardized test scores. This score continues to fall since the early seventies affecting performance significantly. Moreover, charter schools enjoy certain provisions that are not in public schools. They have the rights to have longer school days and schools years while this is reduced in public schools. He also identifies failure in public schools because of strict mechanism that are applied to the students. Some rules in public according to the film are conservative and retrogressive (Participant Media and Weber 17-22). According to Guggenheim film, quality education is composed of great teachers, prepared students, excellent schools and an increased level of literacy (Film). Furthermore, it claims such quality education produces outstanding graduate. There are several proposed policy instruments to quality education performance. The most important is the motivation of teachers based on their performance. He proposes such teachers should be given some form of incentives such as salary increase. The other important step is to raise education status to international standards. He also proposes that there should be an increase in literary rates. The film also calls for providing a successful school experience for all students. The movie also supports the establishment of more charter schools to increase enrollment. He also advocates getting rid of teachers union as a

A Winning Political Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A Winning Political Strategy - Essay Example A Winning Political Strategy The Progressive Socialists (PS) is the main party that will ultimately win the elections but it can only win the elections through a coalition with the Conservatives of Urbania (CU). The Progressive Socialists (PS) Party’s ideology is on reformed communism whereas the ideology for the Conservatives of Urbania (CU) is conservative. These two ideologies when brought together and blended well will automatically win the elections with a landslide. Information states that the votes swing to the left meaning that the Progressive Socialists Party is in a better position to form a coalition with the Conservatives of Urbania Party (Barbara and Robert 19). The Progressive Socialists have an exceptionally strong winning point on the ideal tax rate, which is to keep the tax rates as low as possible as compared to the other parties. This is a strong campaign point since the majority of the Urbanians will be able to enjoy extra savings after taxation. This is ideal for the economy since it will spur growth and individual investments will increase. Naturally, people are attracted to parties that will ensure that they will tax them minimal tax, which is an advantage to the Progressive Socialists Party. The ideological type of the Progressive Socialists Party also is particularly strong considering the concept that they have in regard to being reformed communist. (Palombara and Weiner 7). Currently in the world, there is a humungous concept that capitalism is not working. This is evident from the recent recession that happened just recently and currently what is happening in Europe. Europe is experiencing the Euro Crisis due to the capitalist ’s ideology and therefore the reformed communist ideology is decidedly much ideal. The Conservatives of Urbania (CU) Party ideology is on conservative. This means that a combination of both ideologies, which are, reformed communist and conservative will be a strong alliance when both parties merge for a coalition. The origin of political parties and the circumstances under which parties first arise is paramount. This means that in a developing political system, the party’s initial tone and configuration have a significant effect on the kind of parties that subsequently emerge (Palombara and Weiner 7). This coalition will be an externally created party meaning that the parties will merge outside the legislature and invariably involve some challenges to the ruling group and a demand for representation. The stakes are too high for both parties to have the majority votes, which in turn, will lead to majority representation. A ruling coalition requires a majority representa tion in order to ensure that the ruling governments’ agendas are pushed forward for effect legislation. This will also ensure that the opposition does not sabotage the ruling party’s operations (Palombara and Weiner 10). The purpose of the coalition between the Progressive Socialists (PS) Party and the Conservatives of Urbania (CU) Party would be to build grassroots organizations that would ensure a win. Since both parties ideologies can be harmonized together, both parties will have a common vision during the campaigns. This will ensure that the coalition parties exist with the organization and structure leading to a visionary direction and leadership. The key strategy here is to ensure that the partners have a feeling of them being partners rather than feeling part of the campaign (Palombara and We

Prosecute Billy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Prosecute Billy - Essay Example Any civil claims cannot be brought up whilst the case is in charge of the Crown Prosecution Service, which is strictly a criminal prosecution service. To begin with, it is necessary to see that Billy’s actions caused Hilda to suffer harm to an extent that she had to be taken to the hospital. These circumstances make it clear that the harm suffered by Hilda was aggravated in nature. She has been hit on the head by a chair leg and is in a condition that she is not allowed visitors. These evidential circumstances bring the harm caused into the ambit of a grievous nature which is governed by section 20 of the OAPA 1861. Section 20 of the OAPA states that: â€Å"Whosoever shall unlawfully and maliciously wound or inflict any grievous bodily harm upon any other person, either with or without any weapon or instrument shall be guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for five years.† (Jacqueline, Chris 2011, pp 113-116) It is clear from the section that a few elements wi ll need to be proven against Billy before a case under Section 20 can be made out. The first of these has to be the actus reus. For the purposes of Section 20, the actus reus, or the guilty act, has to consist of wounding which amounts to grievous bodily harm and has been inflicted by the defendant. The requirement of ‘wounding ‘ as defined in the case of Moriarty v Brookes ((1834) 6 C&P 684) states that the continuity of the skin as a whole should be disrupted. It is here to be noted that if the blow of the chair which was enough to land Hilda in a hospital whereby she was unavailable for visitors is a sign that the damage caused to her head would well have caused blood to flow, as might any such act where the impact is so harsh do so. As also mentioned in Section 20, the requirement that a weapon or instrument may have been used also stands proved as Billy used a chair to inflict harm onto Hilda’s person. More essentially, Hilda must prove that the harm caused w as of the category of grievous bodily harm as set out in the OAPA 1861. It has been roughly defined as harm which ‘seriously interferes with health or comfort’ (Ashman, 1858 1 FF 88). Judges have also later refined this definition further in cases like Smith ((1961) AC 290), that the definition need not be confined in any sense; the jury and judge alike must take into account the totality of injuries caused and must consider liability for it accordingly. Here, it is clear that a woman who had to be admitted to the hospital had indeed suffered serious harm which cannot be taken lightly and is does qualify fully the requirement laid down in Section 20 of the infliction of grievous bodily harm. Further, it is necessary to prove that Billy has indeed ‘inflicted’ the injuries on Hilda for which he is to be held liable. It is expressly believed that in legal terms, infliction takes place when either the defendant directly and violently inflicts the injury by assa ulting the victim or, more widely, where he does something which indirectly applies force on the victim’s person to cause injury. Under this definition, Billy has clearly been direct and violent in using force against Hilda as he hit her on the head with a chair leg and hence, infliction also

Marketing Plan McDonald's North America Research Paper

Marketing Plan McDonald's North America - Research Paper Example The mascot of the store Ronald McDonalds is a global icon. He has been instrumental in the firm’s ability to achieve the highest market share among kids in the industry. The organization has a huge customer base that allowed the store to serve 64 million customers on a daily basis (Aboutmcdonalds, 2011). The financial performance of the company in 2010 was outstanding. The net income and net margin of the firm in 2010 were $4,946 million and 20.54% respectively. The product variety of the company is excellent. This provides the customers with many eating alternatives to choose from. The company just like any other business has weaknesses. One of the weaknesses of McDonalds is that it competes in an extremely saturated industry. There are approximately 160,000 fast food restaurants in the United States. A second weakness of the firm is that a lot of its food products are not nutritional since they have high contents of fat. As the industry leader the company is a target of its followers who often include anti-McDonald’s campaigns in their advertisements. The high cost of acquiring a McDonald’s franchise has become a weakness that will make it harder for the company in the future to find a large pool of franchisee applicants. The organization also charges extremely high royalties. Franchisees have to pay a 12% royalty on sales and a 4% advertising fee. This means that the franchisee gets to keep only 84% of the revenues generated by the store. There are opportunities that McDonald’s can capitalize on to continue to achieve growth and prosperity and to improve the brand value of the company. The firm can increase its product offering to include more products that have lower fat content. The use of wheat flatbread and tortillas can be used to add several healthy products that can attract dieters, diabetics, and healthy eaters. Another opportunity for McDonalds is to create a new customer reward program. The new customer reward program wo uld give its customers a 6% food credit for future purchases. The creation of this program would beat the best program in the industry which is the Burger King’s BK reward which gives customers in certain states and US territories a 5% credit towards future purchases (Mybkrewardscard, 2011). A growth opportunity for the company is mobile food trucks. McDonalds should design and aggressively market mobile McDonald’s food vending trucks. These food trucks would offer a limited McDonalds menu. Two advantages of offering these trucks are lower franchisee entry cost and lower operating costs. Distress in the US and global economy is a threat to McDonalds. The rising unemployment in the United States is decreasing the disposable income of its citizens. The unemployment rate in the United States in August of 2011 was 9.1% (Tradingeconomics, 2011). When the population has lower income people spend less money eating outside of home. The trend towards healthier eating is another threat to McDonalds. Fast foods are by nature an unhealthy meal. Another threat to McDonalds is increased education among the population about the health dangers of high consumption of red meats. High consumption of red meat increases risk of cancer, heart disease and it lower life expectancy (Brody, 2009). Competition McDonalds faces direct and indirect competition from many sectors. There are thousands of fast food restaurant competing in the fast food industry. Many cafes, bakeries, mobile food

W.B.Yeats and Thomas Hardy Essay Example for Free

W.B.Yeats and Thomas Hardy Essay 1. Imagery: It is the use of figurative language to create visual representations of actions, objects and ideas in our mind in such a way that they appeal to our physical senses. For example: The room was dark and gloomy. -The words â€Å"dark† and â€Å"gloomy† are visual images. The river was roaring in the mountains. – The word â€Å"roaring† appeals to our sense of hearing. 2. Simile and Metaphor: Both compare two distinct objects and draws similarity between them. The difference is that Simile uses â€Å"as† or â€Å"like† and Metaphor does not. For example: â€Å"My love is like a red red rose† (Simile) He is an old fox very cunning. (Metaphor) 3. Hyperbole: It is deliberate exaggeration of actions and ideas for the sake of emphasis. For example: Your bag weighs a ton!  I have got a million issues to look after! 4. Personification: It gives a thing, an idea or an animal human qualities. For example: The flowers are dancing beside the lake.  Have you see my new car? She is a real beauty! 5. Alliteration: It refers to the same consonant sounds in words coming together. For example: Better butter always makes the batter better. She sells seashells at seashore. 6. Allegory: It is a literary technique in which an abstract idea is given a form of characters, actions or events. For example: â€Å"Animal Farm†, written by George Orwell, is an example allegory using the actions of animals on a farm to represent the overthrow of the last of the Russian Tsar Nicholas II and the Communist Revolution of Russia before WW II. In addition, the actions of the animals on the farm are used to expose the greed and corruption of the Revolution. 7. Irony: It is use of the words in such a way in which the intended meaning is completely opposite to their literal meaning. For example: The bread is soft as a stone. So nice of you to break my new PSP! Function of Literary Devices In general, the literary devices are a collection of universal artistic structures that are so typical of all works of literature frequently employed by the writers to give meanings and a logical framework to their works through language. When such works are read by readers, they ultimately recognize and appreciate them. Because of their universality, they also allow the readers to compare a work of one writer to that of the other to determine its worth. They not only beautify the piece of literature but also give deeper meanings to it, testing the very understanding of the readers along with providing them enjoyment of reading. Besides, they help motivating readers’ imagination to visualize the characters and scenes more clearly.

The Emergence Of The Psychedelic Experience Music Essay

The Emergence Of The Psychedelic Experience Music Essay When someone hears the word psychedelic, many different things come to mind. Certain drugs, bands, styles, genres, and art work can all be considered psychedelic; but what does that mean? The word psychedelic comes from a Greek word meaning soul-manifesting and in a way, it kind of makes sense. Many people believe that when they have a psychedelic experience, they learn things about themselves and their minds that they never knew before that may awaken their soul. What one would consider a psychedelic experience most often includes hallucinations, changes in perception, mysticism, and a heightening of the senses. These experiences open and expand the depths of the mind in creative and sometimes frightening ways. However, it is hard to deny the impact that psychedelic drugs had on some of the most popular music in American culture. Psychedelic music was created to mimic the experiences one would have on a psychedelic drug with the unique use of sounds, lights, and lyrics. Psychedelic music emerged in the 1960s when jazz, blues, rock, and folk musicians began experimenting with many psychedelic drugs such as LSD (acid), salvia, magic mushrooms, ecstasy, and other less common Psychedelics. Due to the massive influence of peace Salamone 2 and love in the sixties, the music that reflected this attitude had an enormous impact on the culture. Everyone began protesting, giving speeches, holding anti-war seminars, and using drugs. When it came to the music that everyone listened to, it was all part of the psychedelic genre. The psychedelic vibe began to take off in the folk scene when a band called the 13th Floor Elevators started advertising themselves as a Psychedelic rock band in 1965. After this happened, many other bands and musicians started using the term to describe themselves and their music. The Beatles, The Byrds, Pink Floyd, Jimi Hendrix, and Led Zeppelin are just a few of the names that made hit songs and albums that were at the top of the charts not only in this genre of music, but in popular music all over the country. The Beatles Magical Mystery Tour and Jimi Hendrixs Are You Experienced? are just two primary examples of the impact psychedelics had on a couple of the most recognized musicians at the time an d who are even considered legends in music today. Towards the 1970s, psychedelic music began to go downhill with LSD becoming illegal in the late 1960s. However, it was not too long after this that it started to become popular again. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the music started to rise for a second time. Although the music still was not as big as it was when it first emerged in the 1960s, it was still the music of choice by many musicians and listeners. Psychedelic music has many distinct characteristics that make it significantly different from any other genre in music. Songs are usually very long and strung out with many instrumental solos that can make it unclear when a song starts and ends. It is not uncommon for a song to turn into a twenty-minute jam session on stage. Like jazz, psychedelic music often uses a lot of improvisation. The music that these bands play can be looked at as more of an experience than an actual song, so the typical verse-chorus form is not used very often. Psychedelic music Salamone 3 has very complex song structures, key and time signature changes, and melodies. While many of these bands only use standard instruments like the guitar, bass, keyboard, and drums, they use unique effects to make them sound psychedelic. Other bands incorporate exotic instrumentation like the sitar and table; just to name a couple of examples. Guitarists in these types of bands do not stand on stage and strum chords; rather they use feedback and fuzz boxes to play the guitar in less common ways. They use studio effects such as panning, phasing, and long delay loops. More often than not, while the musicians are playing, they have a light show going on either behind them or throughout the entire room. These light shows include various bright colors that change shape and color, enhancing the feel of the psychedelic experience. Ever since music began recording, the music industry and drugs have gone hand in hand. It is not uncommon for your favorite musician or artist to have experimented with psychedelics or any other form of drug. In fact, the majority of the popular music today is based on the use of drugs even when most people do not realize it. Music throughout history has always been heavily influenced by the trends and politics that were relevant at the time the music was created. It has always been used as a way to tell stories about what is going on in its time and the 1960s were no exception to this trend. With all of the protests, demonstrations, and anti-war organizations in the sixties, it is no wonder people started to turn to music and drugs to ease the pain of knowing the tragedies that were going on in Vietnam. Like other musical genres, psychedelic music has represented an era in history that has given us a good idea about what our culture was in the 1960s. Economics, politics, and the lif e styles of the people at this time, were all shown in this unique style of music. Because of this, music has always been an art form that teaches us more about history, the world around us, and more importantly, it teaches us about ourselves. Salamone 4 (Part 2) On February 12th, I decided to go see my friend Zacs band, Genius Christ, play for the first time at The Lighthouse Lounge in Phoenixville. Before they even started playing, I could tell that they were a psychedelic band because of the lightshow that they had set up before coming out on stage. All of the walls near the stage were covered with large white cloths so that it was easy to see the pictures and designs of the light show. The room was all dark except for the colors coming from the projector. They had music hooked up to big speakers from an iPod that sounded very mystical before they came out on stage. When they finally came out and started playing their first song, it was called Falling Asleep on LSD. Their first song lasted at least seven minutes long and had a lot of cool, trippy effects and solos just like the rest of the songs that they played afterwards. Each song had its own distinct whimsical feel to it and made me feel like I was in a dream. Genius Christ consists of a bass player, drummer, keyboardist, saxophone player, and a guitarist who is also the vocalist. The vocalists singing style varied not only from song to song, but throughout each song as well. In one of the songs that they played, the vocalist began singing normally, then started screaming, and then started rapping toward the end of the song. The bass player and the keyboardist used many unique techniques to play their instruments, while the drummer just seemed to play very lightly. Salamone 5 At the end of their performance, they started handing out CDs to everyone in the audience and told us about their next few shows that were coming up. Overall, the experience was awesome. All of the musicians were extremely talented and their solos were complex and exceptional. I was very impressed with the entire show that they put on. Their concert was not like every other concert that I usually go to. It was not a typical rock show where the lyrics are predictable and the musical talent consists of a basic chord progression. They became my favorite band after this performance.

Environmental Management Systems In The Genting Group Environmental Sciences Essay

Environmental Management Systems In The Genting Group Environmental Sciences Essay Start from the beginning, the Genting Group gained their greatest reputation and achievement through providing a clean, comfortable, natural environment for every customer who visit their premises/property and they all loving it. Its main of the image and icon for everyone when they heard the name of Genting. Therefore, a constant improvement is important to ensure the good name is always inherited from time to time. The Details of the Environmental Management System As a responsible group, The Genting Group holds certain keys of interest. One of the ethical responsibilities is Environment Sustainability. A program named Environmental Management System is implemented, a four core area of interest Conservation of natural resources, Waste management, Prevention of pollution and Use of renewable energy. Conservation of natural resources- The Genting Group hires professional consultant to conduct energy audit to measure cost-energy efficiency on premises, implementing energy saving instrument and conducting Energy Conservation Awareness Seminars to employees from Engineering Department. In year 2009, the company planted a heat recovery system. An air pre-heater is installed and fixed orifice steam traps are used to reduce steam loss. Flow restrictors and effective water volume reduction program too implemented to reduce water wastage. The group has joined in Earth Hour program in year 2009 as a support, awareness in environment conservation and reduction on carbon emission. The installation of sensors on escalators and air-conditioning system helps to reduce power consumption especially on the off-peak season time. Waste Management- The Group referred 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) Concept and Environmental Quality Act 1974 to run the waste management. In 3R, Reduce is done by replacing energy-efficient equipment on buildings to reduce energy wastage and by-product wastage. The used, wasted, error-printed paper is reuse to maximize the utility and fulfill the Reuse of 3R. Separation of waste according to their material type by preparation of categories recycle bin helps recycle and the vermin-composting practice of turning food waste into organic fertilizer meets Recycle criteria. The other waste treatment such as excreta disposal is delivered to treatment plan for biodegrading before release it into the river so that the water source is not contaminated. Prevention of pollution- In order to reduce/prevent pollution on air, water and land, the management has implemented several solutions such as conduct Yearly Sanitary Survey on water supply system, replacing diesel powered water pump to electrical powered water pump, replace conventional detergent to biodegradable type detergent in daily cleansing routine to reduce and prevent water contamination. On land pollution issue, recycling the reusable item so that lesser waste is dispose at landfill site. Using biodegradable type item like biodegradable plastic bags and No Plastic Day campaign conducted to promote pollution prevention. About the air pollution prevention, installation of smoke density detector and flue gas analysis for boilers, generator sets and incinerators were conduct from time to time according to the Environment Quality Act. The Occupational, Safety and Health Section started Mentoring Program to ensure that the material use in all premises (Awana Genting Highlands, Awana Langkawi, and Awana Kijal) is complied with Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS), Regulation and Occupational Safety and Heath (Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Hazardous Chemicals) Regulation and ISO 14001. Use of renewal energy- Although the group has not yet fully-deploy any renewal energy source, they have the strategic location for generating electricity by deploying solar panel and wind electric generator at the Hillside of Genting Highlands and other Gentings Premises. Plus, the National Objective Strategies from Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water Malaysia leads the Genting Group looking ways from converting conventional electric supply to renewable energy as substitution in long-term plan. By using the renewable energy source, the lesser diesel fuel was burned to generate electricity. Hence, the carbon emission from diesel burning and green house effect is reduced. The Genting group realized that using renewal energy source not just simply reduce air, noise and water pollution but helps in reduction on operation cost, a win-win situation for both environment and cost-effectiveness. Financial forecasting of Environmental Management System At year 2009, the Genting Group has spent RM23.5 million on the Properties, Plant and Equipment (PPE) improvement under Environmental Management System. These included Freehold Building improvements, Plant, Equipment and Vehicles. Advantages of Environmental Management System Though EMS, the negative effects of the business operation such as waste production, emission from fossil fuel burning, air-water-soil pollution can be minimize effectively. Lesser energy requirement from the buildings proves energy saving, less heat production and helps to reduce green house effect. The production of organic fertilizer too helps to reduce maintenance cost and protects the soil from chemical contamination. Disadvantages of Environmental Management System The expenses for implementing EMS at the early stage are very huge and the investors wont able to benefit in short-term period. For example, the infrastructure for developing renewal energy plan is very expensive, especially the Solar Panel. Time and management stress too is unavoidable and error might frequently occur. More and more professional talents were needed to enhance and bring the company to the front-line of innovation. However, hiring these professionals require a huge budget. External Program- Contribution to the Betterment of the Society The importance of contribution to the betterment of the society Genting group is always interested to make an effort in creating a healthier, happier society which already highlighted in their philosophy. This is because of a good, healthy society comes from good people and the achievement that Genting has closely related to the local communities. From people to people, the Genting group does making contribution all the time to the locals as a return. Therefore, the group has working on several projects and activities to refine it. The Details of contribution to society and charity events Local Communities- the Genting group has put concentration on helping local communities to improve quality of living, they work with several charity group such as Womens Aid Organization, Malaysian Pediatrics Foundation, Alzheimer Disease Foundation, Hospis Malaysia, Malaysian Liver Foundation, Gujerati Association, Tunku Azizah Fertility Foundation, St. John Ambulance and Red Cross Society. Also, the Genting group joined with the Ministry of Transport Malaysia, Ministry of Education Malaysia, Road Safety Department and Road Safety Marshal Club to conduct a safety campaign to teach the youngsters about the importance of safety awareness. These included 4.5K primary school students of Malaysia attended, educated about road safety practices and all of them were gifted with a SIRIM-approved safety helmet. One of the Gentings agencies, the Awana Langkawi organized a public health check for local communities on Health Day and safety talk on Safety and Career Week. On the other side, at Malaysia the group established GENM We Care Team, Awana We Care Team, Awana Kijal We Care Team and Awana Porto Malai We Care Team to encourage all of the employees join community service. These included conduct cleaning, food supply, provide repairing and maintenance service for the charity groups like Badan Amal Nur Zaharah, Selangor Family Aid Association, Ampang Old Folks Home, Pusat Kebajikan Serendah . At England, the Genting Group is helping the communities by providing education on responsible gambling; do research on prevention and treatment of gambling problem. The Genting group has raised a fund in order to support the Great or Gambling Research, Education and Treatment Foundation; they too help the national charities to do fund raising activities. OKU (Disability Group) the unfortunates the Genting group too cares about the disabled people, especially those who are underprivileged, hidden under the eyes of the society. In Malaysia, with the volunteering support from employees, the guests and The Coffee Bean Tea Leaf at Wisma Genting, the Wisma Genting Charity Week was conducted. The entire collected fund donated to the four charity organizations: The United Voice, The Cheshire Home Selangor, The Hope Worldwide and The Harvest Centre. On the other hand, the group has hosted festival themed charity party on festive season such as fairytale Christmas Party for unfortunate children and elder citizens and two Hollywood Blockbuster movies were screened for the children as well. All the collection was handled to the 67units welfare homes and non-organizations. In Singapore, the Genting group works with the local charity groups to raise fund for the under-privileged children. These charity groups are included ST School Pocket Money Fund, Mendaki, Sinda and CDAC. Education Sports- Educational Sports are always play important role in shaping a good society. Therefore, Genting group has donated about half a million ringgit to Malaysian Institute of Management on built a modern, advance and sophisticated library or Genting Resource Centre. At sports, the group has sponsored certain sports event like Le Tour De Langkawi, King of Mountain (KOM), Junior Development Program of Selangor Tennis Association, sponsorship to Football Association of Malaysia (FAM) which won the FAA Suzuki Cup recently and the Pahang Hockey Association. Culture Art- the Genting group collaborate with the Ministry of Information, Communication and Culture of Malaysia to promote Cuti-Cuti Malaysia, the local tourism, local culture and arts like Orkestra Simfoni Remaja or Youth Symphony Orchestra to let the youngsters have a platform to perform and brighten their talent. Youth Symphony Orchestra is a sub-program under a program named Pusat Muzik Budaya or Centre of Cultural Music. Also, the group has organized World Championship of Arts Performing at Time Square, First World Plaza, Merdeka Stage and Outdoor Theme Park of Genting in year 2009. With collaboration from The Strait Times (Singapore) and The Business Times (Singapore), the group hosted their very first event, Child Aid at the Festive Grand Theatre of Genting. They had successfully collected more than a million S$ to help the poor and unfortunates. Financial Forecasting/achievement of the Genting Groups Contribution So far, the Genting Group has sponsored about RM500K on education facility, the Genting Resource Center. About the disability group, the Genting Group too has contributed at least RM360K to the underprivileged and disabled people (OKU). The festive event, ChildAid has collected more than a million S$ to help the poor, unlucky children. In year 2009, S$30,000 fund has risen for the ST School Pocket Money Fund and S$20,000 fund raiser for Singapore Red Cross Society. The Coffee Bean Tea Leaf too joined in donate RM1 for each beverage they sold at the outlet during Wisma Genting Charity Week. The Advantages of Contribution to the Betterment of the Society Though contribution and charity for society, the Genting group is not simply a profit-gaining entity but group that able to show their caring and responsibility for the society. The group acts as a role model of the social-caring entrepreneur in the business world. More and more customers willing to spare their fortune at the Genting Berhad as they knew that part of the money they spend benefits the society. The Disadvantages of Contribution to the Betterment of the Society So far contribution to the betterment of the society is always a good intention. However, these acts may not agree and acceptable by some investors. On their opinion, charity works is regarded as a non-profit, non-benefit action especially in the capitalist-economy. They might withdraw their investment and plant it to other company.

Discours Des Droits De Lhomme Au Sens Dun Retour A Aristote :: French Philosophy Essays

ABSTRACT: It is interesting to see Aristotle's observation of natural law in order to renew the ideal of law against the Marxist theory of society, to renounce the normative theory of the nation, and to study the liberal theory of information. All this allows us to expect the realization of social justice and human rights from the institutionalization of markets (agora) and the precondition of the boundary of the general culture (paideia), namely the communitarian ethics and the moral reformation against the genealogist tradition. We find in the tradition inaugurated by Aristotle the function of ethical discussion about the common good, thus imbricating the differences stratified by the economic evolution in the polis. La reprà ©sentation simplificatrice de la philosophie moderne comme historicisme, qui retire au droit le rà ´le des normes, devrait susciter chez les nouveaux dà ©fenseurs des droits de l'homme une sympathie à   l'à ©gard des critiques les plus radicaux. Non pas que l'historique doive juger selon les crità ¨res du droit, mais c'est l'histoire elle-mà ªme qui devient "le tribunal du monde", et le droit lui-mà ªme doit à ªtre pensà © à   partir de son insertion dans l'historicità ©. La thà ©orie marxiste de la socià ©tà © renonce à   formuler une thà ©orie normative de l'Etat. La critique marxienne des droits de l'homme s'inscrit dans le projet d'instaurer une domination totale de l'Etat sur la socià ©tà ©. Dans l'organisation des systà ¨mes totalitaires existants, on peut trouver, sur le plan pratique, la preuve que les productions de la subjectività © moderne, loin d'à ªtre à ©mancipatrices, tendent à   asservir l'homme et à   dà ©truire sa dignità ©. Pour rà ©nover l'idà ©e de droit, le retour aux classiques, notamment le retour à   la conception aristotà ©licienne du droit (tà ©moin l'oeuvre de L.Strauss), apparaà ®t le moins contestable. Par la considà ©ration du juste naturel qui est un principe de la loi et du meilleur (juste) rà ©gime, Aristote prend pour norme l'ordre cosmique qui, en tant qu'indà ©pendant du sujet, constitue une dimension de l'objectività ©. Contre le "droit subjectif", le droit naturel antique propose le modà ¨le d'un "droit objectif", qui se laisse bien plutà ´t observer et dà ©couvrir dans la nature. L'observation de la nature rend possible la dà ©termination de ce qui est juste et bon. L'Ethique à   Nicomaque enseigne que si la forme du gouvernement (ou le rà ©gime) varie selon les lieux et les à ©poques - cependant il n'y a qu'une seule forme de gouvernement qui soit à   chaque fois la meilleure selon la nature - le droit naturel concerne ce qu'il y a de meilleur et par rà ©fà ©rence à   quoi on peut contester une organisation à ©ventuellement pire de l'Etat.

Essay --

Unit Title: THE ORGANISATION OF THE BODY Task: 1.1, B) Q) Discuss the major historical events, which led to the birth and the evolution of both the Light and Electron Microscope? History of Light Microscopes It is not clear who invented the microscope but it is said that in Circa 1000AD, an implement called a reading stone was discovered by an unknown inventor, this sphere shaped glass object magnified reading material when placed over it, this then began the birth of the microscope. In 1284 an Italian inventor named Salvino D’Armate was credited for inventing the first pair of wearable spectacles. It wasn’t then till 1590 that things developed with Dutch glassmakers, Zaccharias Janssen and his son Hans, experimented by placing multiple lenses in tubes, observing objects placed in front of the tubes they realised that the objects appeared massively larger, thus creating both the forerunner of the compound microscope invented about 1595 and the telescope. In 1609 a father of physics and astronomy, Galileo Galilei made a better instrument with a focusing device, by working out the foundations of the lenses after hearing rumours about the Dutch eyeglass makers. In 1674 a man called Antony van Leeuwenhoek made a simple but useful microscope using only one lens to look at other tiny objects such as insects, yeast and to examine blood cells. Antony van Leeuwenhoek back round, to others, he would have been seen as an unpromising candidate to become a scientist of his time, due to him having no fortune, higher education or university degrees, but with his endless curiosity and an open mind he successfully came to make some of the most important findings in biology history, discovering bacteria, protists, sperm cells and many mor... ...entify individual molecules of biological importance. The microscope does suffer from a serious flaw, as no living sample would be able to survive under its extreme vacuum, not being able to show the character of an actual living cell. Ernst Ruska received half a nobel prize in physics in 1986 for his invention, the other half was split between Heinrich Rohrer and Gerd Binnig for their invention of the Scanning Tunnel Microscope (STM) enabling scientists to see images in three-dimensional, allowing them to define surface roughness, defects and arrangements of molecules and collections on the surface of the sample. This powerful STM is the strongest microscope to date. http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/a/microscopes.htm http://www.ucmp http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/ruska-bio.htmlberkeley.edu/history/leeuwenhoek.html Essay -- Unit Title: THE ORGANISATION OF THE BODY Task: 1.1, B) Q) Discuss the major historical events, which led to the birth and the evolution of both the Light and Electron Microscope? History of Light Microscopes It is not clear who invented the microscope but it is said that in Circa 1000AD, an implement called a reading stone was discovered by an unknown inventor, this sphere shaped glass object magnified reading material when placed over it, this then began the birth of the microscope. In 1284 an Italian inventor named Salvino D’Armate was credited for inventing the first pair of wearable spectacles. It wasn’t then till 1590 that things developed with Dutch glassmakers, Zaccharias Janssen and his son Hans, experimented by placing multiple lenses in tubes, observing objects placed in front of the tubes they realised that the objects appeared massively larger, thus creating both the forerunner of the compound microscope invented about 1595 and the telescope. In 1609 a father of physics and astronomy, Galileo Galilei made a better instrument with a focusing device, by working out the foundations of the lenses after hearing rumours about the Dutch eyeglass makers. In 1674 a man called Antony van Leeuwenhoek made a simple but useful microscope using only one lens to look at other tiny objects such as insects, yeast and to examine blood cells. Antony van Leeuwenhoek back round, to others, he would have been seen as an unpromising candidate to become a scientist of his time, due to him having no fortune, higher education or university degrees, but with his endless curiosity and an open mind he successfully came to make some of the most important findings in biology history, discovering bacteria, protists, sperm cells and many mor... ...entify individual molecules of biological importance. The microscope does suffer from a serious flaw, as no living sample would be able to survive under its extreme vacuum, not being able to show the character of an actual living cell. Ernst Ruska received half a nobel prize in physics in 1986 for his invention, the other half was split between Heinrich Rohrer and Gerd Binnig for their invention of the Scanning Tunnel Microscope (STM) enabling scientists to see images in three-dimensional, allowing them to define surface roughness, defects and arrangements of molecules and collections on the surface of the sample. This powerful STM is the strongest microscope to date. http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/a/microscopes.htm http://www.ucmp http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/ruska-bio.htmlberkeley.edu/history/leeuwenhoek.html

Puberty Blues Study

Society has changed dramatically since the 1970’s, especially for teenagers and the newer generations. Although in some ways it is still similar. It seems the biggest impact on these changes all result from technology. The introduction of the internet, mobile phones and social networking, in my eyes, has changed everything. The way families communicate is one of the major differences I have noticed after watching ‘Puberty Blues’, a television series set in the 1970’s, about a series of families and teenagers making their way through life, puberty and problems they might encounter on a daily basis.The show previewed the way people communicated with each other, always using a voice. Either they called each other via home phone, which meant minimum privacy from your parents. Or talking face-to-face†¦ In one scene, the family were sitting down to dinner when the phone kept ringing, her mother, assuming it was her best friend, said it can wait. It was then from a murmur that it was established by the parents that it was in fact a boyfriend calling for her.These forms of communications are in itself rare today as a majority of teenagers and adolescents text or message each other and these portable devices with locks and codes means maximum privacy. Today, we meet people on Facebook and other social networking sites. And it’s from these profiles that you can establish many things about a person and make a first judgement. Statistics show 34% of Australia’s population with a Facebook account are of those between 13 and 24. Not to mention the issue of fake accounts and predators online that can ‘groom’ vulnerable teenagers and drain personal information out of them.School during these two different periods of time are quite similar. Cliche groups were very noticeable, the popular kids ECT. For instance in the show, the ‘North Cronulla’ teenagers were picked on and seen as weird, not as cool. You had the students who truanted, rebelled against their teachers although it was noticed how much bullying occurred back in the day, where as now, it is frowned upon, a majority of students are against it and will defend one-another. Another difference noticed was of sexual relationships, boyfriends and girlfriends, expectations and behaviour.Knowledge about sex and expectations has been learnt very differently in the past. School sex education is important, yet most of us learn little of what we know about sex from our schooling especially in the 1970’s. We’re it appeared everything was learn from friends, from family whereas today the media has an effect on our knowledge and recourses. Professor Michael Reiss said the following about sex education in the 70’s†¦ ‘By the start of the 1970s, school sex education was beginning to change significantly, no doubt largely in response to the great social changes of the 1960s and ‘70s.Biology textbooks start ed to provide fuller accounts of the human reproductive systems, while methods of contraception began to be taught more widely. The emphasis was mostly on the provision of accurate information, and aims of sex education programmes included a decrease in ignorance, guilt, embarrassment and anxiety. Issues to do with relationships were probably more often discussed in programmes of personal and social education, or their equivalents, rather than in biology lessons. In the case of ‘Puberty Blues’ the relationships were based very much on sex life. The males had high expectations of the females, it didn’t seen to affect the kids (except some females) if they didn’t talk or have fun as it was all about sexual activities. A majority of the males treated the girls horribly and talked disrespectfully to their mates about their sexual encounters. The girls would do anything to be accepted, to have a good relationship (although the standard of a decent relationship wasn’t very high).In the case of the protagonists in the series, they both began as regular students, in no particular group; they were at first bullied by the ‘cool kids’. It was then that they started participating in dangerous activities just to fit in (drinking alcohol and smoking), this wasn’t quite peer pressure, but under the circumstances of wanting to fit in, they felt it was necessary, which sadly worked for them. The pressure began after they had been accepted and became romantic with other boys; they were forced into sex by not only the males but the more experienced girls in the group.The consequences that came with these actions included hurting their self respect and general morals, sneaking behind parents backs that wouldn’t approve and having to give their black-mailing brother cigarettes to keep him quiet. They may have also gained a reputation in societies eyes, especially other parents and their own. Today, relationships are enti rely different for teenagers. Yes in some cases there is an expectation for sexual activity down the track but nothing immediate like in ‘Puberty Blues’.It’s more important to have a healthy and trustworthy relationship, to be able to talk and have fun, enjoy each other’s company. I can’t exactly speak on behalf of males but I still feel there is a touch of disrespect towards women in terms of the privacy of relationship details. According to ‘Teens Health’ the 7 necessities for a healthy relationship are- Mutual Respect, trust, honesty, support, fairness/equality, separate identities and good communications which the relationships in ‘Puberty Blues’ and even most today were lacking some or a lot of. Other risk taking behaviour included drink driving and smoking for adults too.At this stage in time, the severity and impacts smoking can have on someone had not been specified or broadcasted compared to what it is today. The o nly restriction was to younger people, not that it stopped them. Quote Terry Martin (article writer, 70’s smoker) – ‘When I was a young smoker back in the mid 70s, attitudes about tobacco were a lot different than they are today. A person could light up just about anywhere, and while we all knew that cigarette smoking was hazardous to our health, we were in the dark ages about just how dangerous it really was.Smokers were accepted by society and smoking was tolerated to a degree we can't fathom today. ’ Drink driving was also swept under the carpet, it wasn’t seen as quite a big deal, whereas after many crashes and lives lost over the years, people started to spread awareness and bring in stronger law enforcement into place. Lastly, drug use was showed a lot on the series , notably by the teenage boys mainly smoking weed, as it is also quite relevant still today in high school students. In both scenarios it has been and is still illegal although thi s remains to change little to the situation.Overall a lot has changed over the years, but this sense of rebellion by the younger generation remains and will continue too. We can only hope that after seeing so much improvement over the years after watching ‘Puberty Blues’ that we can appreciate it and continue to improve it for years to come. http://www. socialbakers. com/facebook-statistics/australia http://www. open. edu/openlearn/body-mind/health/health-studies/brief-history-sex-education http://quitsmoking. about. com/od/antismokingresources/a/tobaccoepidemic. htm Puberty Blues Study Society has changed dramatically since the 1970’s, especially for teenagers and the newer generations. Although in some ways it is still similar. It seems the biggest impact on these changes all result from technology. The introduction of the internet, mobile phones and social networking, in my eyes, has changed everything. The way families communicate is one of the major differences I have noticed after watching ‘Puberty Blues’, a television series set in the 1970’s, about a series of families and teenagers making their way through life, puberty and problems they might encounter on a daily basis.The show previewed the way people communicated with each other, always using a voice. Either they called each other via home phone, which meant minimum privacy from your parents. Or talking face-to-face†¦ In one scene, the family were sitting down to dinner when the phone kept ringing, her mother, assuming it was her best friend, said it can wait. It was then from a murmur that it was established by the parents that it was in fact a boyfriend calling for her.These forms of communications are in itself rare today as a majority of teenagers and adolescents text or message each other and these portable devices with locks and codes means maximum privacy. Today, we meet people on Facebook and other social networking sites. And it’s from these profiles that you can establish many things about a person and make a first judgement. Statistics show 34% of Australia’s population with a Facebook account are of those between 13 and 24. Not to mention the issue of fake accounts and predators online that can ‘groom’ vulnerable teenagers and drain personal information out of them.School during these two different periods of time are quite similar. Cliche groups were very noticeable, the popular kids ECT. For instance in the show, the ‘North Cronulla’ teenagers were picked on and seen as weird, not as cool. You had the students who truanted, rebelled against their teachers although it was noticed how much bullying occurred back in the day, where as now, it is frowned upon, a majority of students are against it and will defend one-another. Another difference noticed was of sexual relationships, boyfriends and girlfriends, expectations and behaviour.Knowledge about sex and expectations has been learnt very differently in the past. School sex education is important, yet most of us learn little of what we know about sex from our schooling especially in the 1970’s. We’re it appeared everything was learn from friends, from family whereas today the media has an effect on our knowledge and recourses. Professor Michael Reiss said the following about sex education in the 70’s†¦ ‘By the start of the 1970s, school sex education was beginning to change significantly, no doubt largely in response to the great social changes of the 1960s and ‘70s.Biology textbooks start ed to provide fuller accounts of the human reproductive systems, while methods of contraception began to be taught more widely. The emphasis was mostly on the provision of accurate information, and aims of sex education programmes included a decrease in ignorance, guilt, embarrassment and anxiety. Issues to do with relationships were probably more often discussed in programmes of personal and social education, or their equivalents, rather than in biology lessons. In the case of ‘Puberty Blues’ the relationships were based very much on sex life. The males had high expectations of the females, it didn’t seen to affect the kids (except some females) if they didn’t talk or have fun as it was all about sexual activities. A majority of the males treated the girls horribly and talked disrespectfully to their mates about their sexual encounters. The girls would do anything to be accepted, to have a good relationship (although the standard of a decent relationship wasn’t very high).In the case of the protagonists in the series, they both began as regular students, in no particular group; they were at first bullied by the ‘cool kids’. It was then that they started participating in dangerous activities just to fit in (drinking alcohol and smoking), this wasn’t quite peer pressure, but under the circumstances of wanting to fit in, they felt it was necessary, which sadly worked for them. The pressure began after they had been accepted and became romantic with other boys; they were forced into sex by not only the males but the more experienced girls in the group.The consequences that came with these actions included hurting their self respect and general morals, sneaking behind parents backs that wouldn’t approve and having to give their black-mailing brother cigarettes to keep him quiet. They may have also gained a reputation in societies eyes, especially other parents and their own. Today, relationships are enti rely different for teenagers. Yes in some cases there is an expectation for sexual activity down the track but nothing immediate like in ‘Puberty Blues’.It’s more important to have a healthy and trustworthy relationship, to be able to talk and have fun, enjoy each other’s company. I can’t exactly speak on behalf of males but I still feel there is a touch of disrespect towards women in terms of the privacy of relationship details. According to ‘Teens Health’ the 7 necessities for a healthy relationship are- Mutual Respect, trust, honesty, support, fairness/equality, separate identities and good communications which the relationships in ‘Puberty Blues’ and even most today were lacking some or a lot of. Other risk taking behaviour included drink driving and smoking for adults too.At this stage in time, the severity and impacts smoking can have on someone had not been specified or broadcasted compared to what it is today. The o nly restriction was to younger people, not that it stopped them. Quote Terry Martin (article writer, 70’s smoker) – ‘When I was a young smoker back in the mid 70s, attitudes about tobacco were a lot different than they are today. A person could light up just about anywhere, and while we all knew that cigarette smoking was hazardous to our health, we were in the dark ages about just how dangerous it really was.Smokers were accepted by society and smoking was tolerated to a degree we can't fathom today. ’ Drink driving was also swept under the carpet, it wasn’t seen as quite a big deal, whereas after many crashes and lives lost over the years, people started to spread awareness and bring in stronger law enforcement into place. Lastly, drug use was showed a lot on the series , notably by the teenage boys mainly smoking weed, as it is also quite relevant still today in high school students. In both scenarios it has been and is still illegal although thi s remains to change little to the situation.Overall a lot has changed over the years, but this sense of rebellion by the younger generation remains and will continue too. We can only hope that after seeing so much improvement over the years after watching ‘Puberty Blues’ that we can appreciate it and continue to improve it for years to come. http://www. socialbakers. com/facebook-statistics/australia http://www. open. edu/openlearn/body-mind/health/health-studies/brief-history-sex-education http://quitsmoking. about. com/od/antismokingresources/a/tobaccoepidemic. htm

Academic Word List

Nhom 1 Analysis: S phan tich Chemical analysis of the woman’s dress revealed traces of blood. The book is an analysis of poverty and its causes. At the meeting they presented a detailed analysis of twelve schools. †¢ analyse / †¢ analyze †¢ analyst †¢ analytic = isolating †¢ analytical †¢ analytically Approach: Phuong phap, ti p c n We need to adopt a different approach to the problem What's the best way of approaching this problem? †¢ approachable / †¢ unapproachable Area: Ph m vi hi u bi t, chuyen mon Software is not really my area of expertise Assess: ? anh gia The tests are designed to assess a child's reading skills.It's difficult to assess the effects of these changes. Interviews allow you to assess the suitability of candidates. †¢ assessable †¢ assessment †¢ reassess †¢ reassessment Assume: Cho r ng, gi n nh Everything was quiet when I got home so I assumed that you had gone out. Let us assume for a moment tha t the plan succeeds. She would, he assumed, be home at the usual time. In this example we have assumed a unit price of $10. I had assumed him to be a Belgian. †¢ assumed †¢ assuming †¢ assumption Authority: Chuyen gia She is an authority on seventeenth-century English literature †¢ authoritative †¢ authoritatively ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] om -1- Nhom 1 Available: Co th mua nu c, s d ng nu c This information is available free on the Internet. The new drug is not yet available to the public. When will the information be made available? We'll send you a copy as soon as it becomes available. †¢ availability †¢ unavailability †¢ unavailable Benefit: L i th , l i ich He couldn't see the benefit of arguing any longer. I had the benefit of a good education For maximum benefit, take the tablets before meals. †¢ beneficial †¢ beneficiary Concept: Khai ni m He can't grasp the basic concepts of mathematics Concepts such as â⠂¬Ëœcivilization’ and ‘government’ †¢ conception conceptual †¢ conceptualize †¢ conceptually Consist: Bao g m, g m co A dessert consisting of fruit and cream (ch a n ng) The beauty of the city consists in its magnificent buildings. (chinh) †¢ consistency / †¢ inconsistency †¢ consistent / †¢ inconsistent †¢ consistently / †¢ inconsistently Constitute: (~establish, set up) Thi t l p, thanh l p The committee was constituted in 1974 by an Act of Parliament †¢ constituency †¢ constituent †¢ constitution †¢ constitutional / †¢ unconstitutional †¢ constitutionally / †¢ unconstitutionally †¢ constitutive ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -2- Nhom 1 Context: Trong hoan c nhThis speech needs to be set in the context of Britain in the 1960s. His decision can only be understood in context. †¢ contextual †¢ contextualization †¢ contextualize †¢ contextually Contract: H p n ng †¢ contractor Create: T o ra, gay nen The snow created further problems Scientists disagree about how the universe was created. The government plans to create more jobs for young people. †¢ creation / †¢ recreation †¢ creative †¢ creatively †¢ creativity †¢ creator †¢ recreate Data: Thong tin Define: Ch c ch n I've heard rumours, but nothing definite Your duties are clearly defined in the contract. Can you define what it means to be an American? definable †¢ definition †¢ redefine †¢ redefinition †¢ undefined Derive: Nh n nu c, l y nu c t †¦ tim th y ngu n g c t The name derives from Latin. The word ‘politics’ is derived from a Greek word meaning ‘city/ He derived great pleasure from painting †¢ derivation †¢ derivative ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -3- Nhom 1 Distribute: Phan ph i, phan phat The organization distributed food to the earthquake victims â € ¢ distribution †¢ distributional †¢ distributive †¢ distributor †¢ redistribute †¢ redistribution †¢ redistributive Economic: Thu c kinh t The economy is in recession †¢ economical †¢ economically †¢ economics economist †¢ economy †¢ uneconomic †¢ uneconomical Environment: Moi tru ng An unhappy home environment can affect a child's behaviour †¢ environmental †¢ environmentalism †¢ environmentalist †¢ environmentally Establish: Thanh l p, thi t l p, c ng c The committee was established in 1912 Let's establish some ground rules. †¢ established / †¢ disestablish †¢ establishment / †¢ disestablishment Estimate: ? nh gia, nanh gia, u c lu ng I can give you a rough estimate of the amount of wood you will need Official government estimates of traffic growth over the next decade †¢ estimation †¢ overestimate †¢ overestimation †¢ underestimate inh Nho Hi p – [ema il  protected] com -4- Nhom 1 Evident: Hi n nhien, ro rang (~obvious) It was evident from his voice that he was upset. The growing interest in history is clearly evident in the number of people visiting museums and country houses †¢ evidence †¢ evidential †¢ evidently Export: Xu t kh u 90% of the engines are exported to Europe †¢ exporter Factor: Nhan t , y u t The result will depend on a number of different factors Finance: Tai chinh, ti n b c Finance for education comes from taxpayers †¢ financial †¢ financially †¢ financier Formula: Cong th c †¢ formulate / †¢ reformulate †¢ formulation / †¢ reformulationFunction: Ch c nang The function of the heart is to pump blood through the body †¢ functional †¢ functionally Identify: Nh n ra, nh n di n (= ID) She was able to identify her attacker Many of those arrested refused to identify themselves (= would not say who they were). The gunman in Wednesday's attack has been id entified as Lee Giggs, an unemployed truck driver. †¢ identifiable †¢ identification ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -5- Nhom 1 Income: Thu nh p They receive a proportion of their income from the sale of goods and services Indicate: (~show, point) Ch ra, bi u l The signpost indicated the right road for us to followResearch indicates that eating habits are changing fast. †¢ indication †¢ indicative †¢ indicator (=blinker) Invidual: Rieng r , rieng bi t We interviewed each individual member of the community †¢ individualism †¢ individualist †¢ individualistic †¢ individuality †¢ individually Interpret: Gi i thich, lam sang t The students were asked to interpret the poem †¢ interpretable †¢ interpretation †¢ interpretative †¢ interpretive †¢ misinterpret †¢ misinterpretation †¢ reinterpret †¢ reinterpretation Involve: (~entail) Bao g m, dinh dang n n The test will involve answering questions about a photograph. The job involves my travelling all over the country.Many of the crimes involved drugs †¢ involved †¢ involvement †¢ uninvolved Issue: V n n This is a big issue; we need more time to think about it †¢ issuer ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -6- Nhom 1 Labour: Lao n ng (chan tay) The company wants to keep down labour costs †¢ labor Legal: H p phap They are currently facing a long legal battle in the US courts †¢ legality †¢ legally †¢ illegal †¢ illegality †¢ illegally Legislate: L p phap The government will legislate against discrimination in the workplace †¢ legislation †¢ legislative †¢ legislator †¢ legislature Major = most of/most = serious = huge >big We have encountered major problems majority Method: Phuong phap, cach th c A new method of solving the problem †¢ methodical †¢ methodically †¢ methodological †¢ methodologically †¢ methodolog y Occur: (~happen) X y ra, x y n n (n t ng t) Something unexpected occurred According to the police, the shooting occurred at about 12. 30 a. m. †¢ occurrence †¢ reoccur Per cent: Ph n tram Poor families spend about 80 to 90 per cent of their income on food †¢ percentage ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -7- Nhom 1 Period: Giai no n, kho ng th i gian The factory will be closed down over a 2-year period/a period of two years †¢ periodic †¢ periodical †¢ periodicallyPolicy: Chinh sach, nu ng l i hanh nong (Chinh ph , ? ng, Nha Nu c†¦) They have had a significant change in policy on paternity leave. Pinciple: Nguyen t c I refuse to lie about it; it's against my principles. Stick to your principles and tell him you won't do it. †¢ principled †¢ unprincipled Proceed = continue = go on = ti p t c = ti n hanh = ti n trinh We're not sure whether we still want to proceed with the sale She sat down and proceeded to tell me about her s kiing trip. He outlined his plans and then proceeded to explain them in more detail. Work is proceeding slowly. †¢ procedural †¢ procedure †¢ proceeding †¢ proceedsProcess: Qua trinh, s ti n tri n We're in the process of selling our house †¢ processing Require: (~need) ? oi h i, yeu c u what do you require of me? True marriage requires us to show trust and loyalty. Lentils do not require soaking before cooking. (? u khong c n ngam†¦) †¢ requirement Research: (v. n) Nghien c u To research into the causes of cancer I've done some research to find out the cheapest way of travelling there †¢ researcher ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -8- Nhom 1 Respond: ? ap l i, hu ng ng When asked about the company's future, the director responded that he remained optimistic †¢ respondent †¢ response †¢ responsive responsively †¢ responsiveness †¢ unresponsive Role: Vai tro It is one of the greatest roles she has played T he role of the teacher in the classroom This part of the brain plays an important role in learning. Section (V: c t, phan chia N: ph n c t ra) The library has a large biology section Sector (area, zone): Khu v c (kinh t , ki thu t) the manufacturing sector Significant: Quan tr ng, tr ng n i, n y y nghia It is significant that girls generally do better in examinations than boys There are no significant differences between the two groups of students. Your work has shown a significant improvement. †¢ significance †¢ significantly †¢ signify insignificance †¢ insignificant †¢ insignificantly Similar: Tuong t My teaching style is similar to that of most other teachers. The two houses are similar in size The brothers look very similar. †¢ similarity †¢ similarly Source: Ngu n, ngu n g c. Your local library will be a useful source of information. ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -9- Nhom 1 Specific: D t khoat, ro rang, chi ti t, chinh xac I gave you specific instructions ‘I'd like your help tomorrow. ’ ‘Can you be more specific’? A specific purpose/reason Could we arrange a specific time to meet? †¢ specifically †¢ specification †¢ specificity †¢ specifics †¢ unidentifiableStructure: C u truc The grammatical structures of a language †¢ structural †¢ structurally †¢ restructuring †¢ restructure †¢ unstructured Theory: Gi n nh, h c thuy t I have this theory that most people prefer being at work to being at home †¢ theoretical †¢ theoretically †¢ theoretician †¢ theorist Vary: Thay n i (m c n nh ) (ng ai, n i) The menu varies with the season Class numbers vary between 25 and 30. What time do you start work? ’ ‘It varies. ’ The aerobics instructor varies the routine each week †¢ variability †¢ variable †¢ variably †¢ variance †¢ variant †¢ variation †¢ varied †¢ invari able †¢ invariably ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] om – 10 – Nhom 2 Achieve: v. Thanh cong (~accomplish) Their background gives them little chance of achieving at school. †¢ achievable †¢ achievement Acquire: Thu nu c, n t nu c She has acquired a good knowledge of English How long will it take to acquire the necessary skills? He has acquired a reputation for dishonesty. The company has just acquired new premises. †¢ acquisition Administration: (~managing) S trong nom, s qu n ly; s cai qu n, s cai tr She has little experience in administration (= in organizing a business, etc. ). Teachers complain that more of their time is taken up with administration than with teaching. †¢ admin administrative †¢ administratively †¢ administrator Affect: nh hu ng n n, tac n ng n n Your opinion will not affect my decision It's a disease which affects many older people. How will these changes affect us? †¢ affective †¢ affectively †¢ unaffected Appropriate: (~suitable) Phu h p Appropriate for something: Jeans are not appropriate for a formal party. Appropriate to something: The book was written in a style appropriate to the age of the children. †¢ appropriacy / †¢ inappropriacy †¢ appropriately †¢ appropriateness †¢ inappropriate †¢ inappropriately †¢ inappropriateness ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -1- Nhom 2 Aspect: Khia c nhShe felt she had looked at the problem from every aspect. The book aims to cover all aspects of city life. Assist: (~help) Giup n We'll do all we can to assist you. We will assist you in finding somewhere to live. We are looking for people who would be willing to assist in the group's work. Anyone willing to assist can contact this number. †¢ assistance †¢ assistant †¢ unassisted (=aided) Category: Nhom The results can be divided into three main categories. †¢ categorization †¢ categorize Chapter: Chuong (sach) Commission: M nh l nh, ra l nh The government has set up a commission of inquiry into the disturbances at the prison. commissioner (=police commissioner) Community: Phu ng, h i The local community was shocked by the murders. Health workers based in the community (= working with people in a local area) Complex: (~complicated) Ph c t p A complex argument/problem/subject The complex structure of the human brain †¢ complexity Compute: U c tinh The losses were computed at ? 5 million. †¢ computable †¢ computation †¢ computational †¢ computer †¢ computing ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -2- Nhom 2 Conclude: (~end) K t thuc The programme concluded with Stravinsky's ‘Rite of Spring’. He concluded by wishing everyone a safe trip homeShe concluded her speech with a quotation from Shakespeare. The concert concluded with a firework display. I would like to conclude by thanking you all for attending. †¢ conclusion †¢ con clusive / †¢ inconclusive †¢ conclusively / †¢ inconclusively Conduct: Ti n hanh, t ch c They conducted a vigorous campaign for a shorter working week. To conduct an experiment/an inquiry/a survey Consequence: (~result) K t qu To suffer/face/take the consequences of your actions This decision could have serious consequences for the industry Two hundred people lost their jobs as a direct consequence of the merger. If you make im angry, you'll have to suffer the consequences. †¢ consequent †¢ consequently Construct (~build) (thu ng th b n ng) Xay d ng When was the bridge constructed? They constructed a shelter out of fallen branches. The building was constructed in 1930. †¢ construction / †¢ reconstruction †¢ constructive †¢ constructively †¢ reconstruct Consumer: Khach hang Health-conscious consumers want more information about the food they buy †¢ consume †¢ consumption Credit: S khen ng i I can't take all the credit for th e show's success—it was a team effort. †¢ creditor ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -3- Nhom 2 Culture: (Thu c) van hoaCultural differences between the two communities †¢ cultural †¢ culturally †¢ cultured †¢ uncultured Design(v. n) Phac th o, thi t k , ki u The magazine will appear in a new design from next month. There was a fault in the design of the aircraft. The machine's unique design prevents it from overheating. †¢ designer Distinct: (~diffirent) (distinction): Khac nhau The results of the survey fell into two distinct groups. Jamaican reggae music is quite distinct from North American jazz or blues. This word has three distinct meanings. †¢ distinction / †¢ indistinct †¢ distinctive / †¢ distinctively †¢ distinctly / †¢ indistinctly †¢ distinctnessElement: Y u t Cost was a key element in our decision Equate: Coi ngang, ngang v i Many people equate wealth with happiness. I don't see how yo u can equate the two things. †¢ equation Evaluate: (~assess) ? anh gia, u c lu ng We need to evaluate how well the policy is working Our research attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of the different drugs. †¢ evaluation / †¢ re-evaluation †¢ evaluative †¢ re-evaluate ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -4- Nhom 2 Feature: Net n c trung, tinh nang rieng An interesting feature of the city is the old market. Which features do you look for when choosing a car? Final: Cu i cungThey find each other in the final chapter of the book †¢ finality †¢ finalization †¢ finalize †¢ finally Focus (+on): T p trung (+vao) †¢ refocus Impact: Tac n ng, nh hu ng Her speech made a profound impact on everyone. Latino singers have had a major impact on pop music this year. Injury: Ch n thuong There were no injuries in the crash (= no people injured) †¢ injure †¢ injured †¢ uninjured Institute: Vi n, H c Vi n †¢ institution †¢ institutional †¢ institutionalization †¢ institutionalize †¢ institutionalized †¢ institutionally Invest: ? u tu Now is a good time to invest in the property market †¢ investment †¢ investor †¢ reinvest reinvestment ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -5- Nhom 2 Item: ? , v t Can I pay for each item separately? †¢ itemize Journal: (~newspaper~magazine) Bao, t p chi Maintain: (~ keep) (~preserve )Gi The two countries have always maintained close relations. To maintain law and order/standards/a balance The army has been brought in to maintain order in the region. †¢ maintenance Normal: Binh thu ng It's normal to feel tired after such a long trip. It's perfectly normal to feel some degree of stress at work. That's a fairly normal weight for someone of your height. Now that trains are running again things are back to normal.He should be able to lead a perfectly normal life. †¢ normalcy †¢ normality †¢ norma lization †¢ normalize †¢ normally / †¢ abnormally †¢ abnormal Obtain: (~get) L y nu c I finally managed to obtain a copy of the report He obtained a law degree from the University of California. †¢ obtainable / †¢ unobtainable Participate (~take part in) Tham gia She didn't participate in the discussion †¢ participant †¢ participation †¢ participatory Perceive = hi u (understad) = trong th y (see) = nh n th c, nh n th y She did not perceive herself as disabled. I perceived a change in his behaviour. The patient was perceived to have difficulty in breathing. perception ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -6- Nhom 2 Positive: T tin, n y hi v ng A positive attitude/outlook She tried to be more positive about her new job On the positive side, profits have increased. †¢ positively Potential: Ti m tang, ti m nang A potential danger/threat A potential customer A number of potential buyers have expressed interest in the building. †¢ potentially Previous: (~prior~before) Tru c No previous experience is necessary for this job. The car has only had one previous owner. She is his daughter from a previous marriage. †¢ previously †¢ previous to Primary: (~prime; main; most important; basic) chinhThe primary aim of this course is to improve your spoken English. Her primary responsibility is to train new employees. Our primary concern must be the children. Good health care is of primary importance. †¢ primarily Purchase: s mua ban Make a purchase (= buy something) Keep your receipt as proof of purchase. †¢ purchaser †¢ purchasing Range: Nhi u lo i (~variety) A range of colours/patterns There is a full range of activities for children The hotel offers a wide range of facilities. We discussed a wide range of subjects. ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -7- Nhom 2 Region: Vung mi nPeople in the regions should not have to travel to London to fly to the United States †¢ re gional †¢ regionally Regulate: Ch nh non, quy n nh The activities of credit companies are regulated by law. Laws regulating advertising Babies find it difficult to regulate their body temperature. It is up to the regulating authority to put the measures into effect. †¢ regulation †¢ regulator †¢ regulatory †¢ deregulate †¢ deregulation †¢ deregulatory †¢ unregulated Relevant: (+to) Lien quan Education should be relevant to children's needs. A relevant suggestion/question/point Do you have the relevant experience? Send me all the relevant information. irrelevance †¢ irrelevancy †¢ irrelevant †¢ irrelevantly †¢ relevance †¢ relevantly Reside: (~live) Cu tru He returned to Britain in 1939, having resided abroad for many years. Their passports do not give them the right to reside in Britain †¢ residence †¢ residency †¢ resident †¢ residential ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -8- Nhom 2 Re source: Tai nguyen The exploitation of minerals and other natural resources We do not have the resources (= money) to update our computer software †¢ resourceful †¢ resourcefully †¢ resourcefulness †¢ under-resourced Restrict: (~limit) H n ch Restrict something to something Speed is restricted to 30 mph in towns.We restrict the number of students per class to 10. †¢ restricted †¢ restriction †¢ restrictive †¢ restrictively †¢ unrestricted Secure: Ch c ch n, b o n m, an toan It's not a very secure way to make a living. The future of the company looks secure. The building is secure against intruders †¢ securely †¢ security †¢ insecure †¢ insecurely †¢ insecurity Seek: (~find~looking for) Tim Highly qualified secretary seeks employment. They sought in vain for somewhere to shelter. (†¦Tim ki m trong vo v ng†¦) †¢ sought (past) Select: (~choose~chose) Ch n He hasn't been selected for the team. †¢ s election †¢ selective †¢ selectively †¢ selectivity inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -9- †¢ selector Nhom 2 Site: Vung n t (Xay d ng) A site has been chosen for the new school. Strategy: Chi n lu c It's all part of an overall strategy to gain promotion †¢ strategic †¢ strategical †¢ strategically †¢ strategist Survey: Kh o sat A recent survey showed 75% of those questioned were in favour of the plan. Carry out a survey†¦ Text: Ch (sach, bao, van b n) Highlight the area of text on screen and press the ‘delete’ key. textual Tradition: Truy n th ng The company has a long tradition of fine design. †¢ traditional †¢ traditionalist †¢ traditionally †¢ non-traditional Transfer: Di chuy n, s di chuy nHow can I transfer money from my bank account to his? †¢ transferability †¢ transferable †¢ transference ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com – 10 – Nhom 3 Alterna tive: S l a ch n You can be paid in cash weekly or by cheque monthly; those are the two alternatives †¢ alternatively Circumstance: Hoan c nh, tru ng h p, tinh hu ng We were simply thrown together by circumstance on the long journey. Comment: L i nh n xet, l i binh She made helpful comments on my work. †¢ commentary †¢ commentator Compensate: B i thu ng Her lawyers say she should be compensated for the suffering she had been caused. †¢ compensation †¢ compensatoryComponent: Thanh ph n Key components of the government's plan are†¦ Trust is a vital component in any relationship. (quan tr ng†¦) Consent: (permission, agreement) S n ng i He is charged with taking a car without the owner's consent. †¢ consensus †¢ consent Considerable: (~significant)? ang k , l n lao (amount, size, importance, etc. ) The project wasted a considerable amount of time and money The damage has been considerable. Considerable progress has been made in finding a cure for the disease. †¢ considerably Constant: Thu ng xuyen (kien tri, chung th y) Babies need constant attention This entrance is in constant use. She's in constant pain. constancy †¢ constantly †¢ inconstancy †¢ inconstant ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -1- Nhom 3 Constrain: B t ep She felt constrained from continuing by the threat of losing her job. To constrain someone to do something: ep bu c ai lam vi c gi Regulations that constrain industry I'm constrained by decisions made in the past. The evidence was so compelling that he felt constrained to accept it. The company said that it was constrained to raise prices. †¢ constraint †¢ unconstrained Contribute: ? ong gop, gop ph n We contributed ? 5000 to the earthquake fund. †¢ contribution †¢ contributor Conventional: Tinh truy n th ngIt's not a hotel, in the conventional sense, but rather a whole village turned into a hotel. †¢ convene †¢ convention †¢ conventio nality †¢ conventionally †¢ unconventional †¢ unconventionality †¢ unconventionally Coordinate: S ph i h p, h p tac A pamphlet produced by the government in coordination with (= working together with) the Sports Council †¢ coordination †¢ coordinator Core: Nhan, loi, nong c t Concern for the environment is at the core of our policies. Corporate: (thu c) t ch c corporate finance/planning/strategy The law applies to both individuals and corporate bodies. †¢ corporation ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] om -2- Nhom 3 Corresponding: Tuong ng, n i v i A change in the money supply brings a corresponding change in expenditure. Profits have risen by 15 per cent compared with the corresponding period last year. †¢ correspond †¢ correspondence †¢ correspondingly Criteria: Tieu chu n What criteria are used for assessing a student's ability? Deduce: (~infer )Suy lu n, suy di n From the contents of his shopping basket, I deduced that he was single. We can deduce a lot from what people choose to buy. †¢ deducible †¢ deduction Demonstrate: Ch ng minh, gi i thich (show) Let me demonstrate to you some of the difficulties we are facing.The theories were demonstrated to be false. These problems demonstrate the importance of planning. She demonstrated how to use the new software. †¢ demo †¢ demonstrable †¢ demonstrably †¢ demonstrate †¢ demonstration †¢ demonstrative †¢ demonstratively †¢ demonstrator Document: Tu li u (in tren gi y) †¢ documentation Dominant: M nh nh t, quan tr ng nh t, nang luu i nh t The dominant feature of the room was the large fireplace. †¢ dominance †¢ dominate †¢ domination ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -3- Nhom 3 Emphasis: (~stress ) T m quan tr ng The emphasis is very much on learning the spoken language.Schools are starting to place/put greater emphasis on passing exams. To put/lay/place emphasis on somethi ng We provide all types of information, with an emphasis on legal advice. †¢ emphasize †¢ emphatic †¢ emphatically Ensure: B o n m, b o hi m Victory ensured them a place in the final. Exclude: Ngan ch n, lo i tr Try excluding fat from your diet. Buses run every hour, Sundays excluded. Women are still excluded from the club. †¢ excluding †¢ exclusion †¢ exclusionary †¢ exclusive †¢ exclusively †¢ exclusiveness Framework: Khuon kh We are currently exploring new approaches within existing frameworks of practice and thinking Fund: Qu †¢ funder funding Illustrate: Minh h a An illustrated children's book His lecture was illustrated with photos taken during the expedition. This new discovery illustrates how little we know about early human history. †¢ illustration †¢ illustrative ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -4- Nhom 3 Immigrate: Nh p cu About 6. 6 million people immigrated to the United States in the 1970s. â⠂¬ ¢ immigrant †¢ immigration †¢ immigration control Imply: Ng i Are you implying (that) I am wrong? imply something His silence seemed to imply agreement. It was implied that we were at fault. An implied criticism (ng i ch trich) Initial: ? u tien, ban n uIn the initial stages (= at the beginning) of the campaig My initial reaction was to decline the offer. Initially, the system worked well. †¢ initially Instance: Vi d In most instances, there will be no need for further treatment. Many teenagers earn money, for instance by babysitting or cleaning cars. The report highlights a number of instances of injustice. Interaction: Giao ti p Our work involves a lot of interaction with the customers. The only thing he interacts with is his computer! Teachers have a limited amount of time to interact with each child. †¢ interact †¢ interactive †¢ interactively †¢ interactivity Justification: Bi n minhI can see no possible justification for any further tax in creases. There's no justification for treating her so badly. †¢ justifiable †¢ justifiably †¢ justified †¢ justify †¢ unjustified ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -5- Nhom 3 Layer: S p l p The potatoes are layered with onion. Link: M t xich, s k t n i Police suspect there may be a link between the two murders. †¢ linkage Locate: (~site) T a l c, n t v tri be located in/near/on, etc They located their headquarters in Swindon. †¢ located †¢ location †¢ relocate †¢ relocation Maximise: (~maximase) T i na hoa †¢ max †¢ maximization †¢ maximum Minor: Nh , khong quan tr ng (>< large)Women played a relatively minor role in the organization. †¢ minority Negative (~ bad ~ harmful) X u, gay h i Terrorist threats have had a very negative impact on tourism. The crisis had a negative effect on trade. The whole experience was definitely more positive than negative. †¢ negate †¢ negatively Outcome: K t l u n, k t qu We are waiting to hear the final outcome of the negotiations. We are confident of a successful outcome. Partnership: Quan h n ng nghi p He developed his own program in partnership with an American expert. †¢ partner ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -6- Nhom 3 Philosophy: Tri t h c †¢ philosopher philosophic †¢ philosophical †¢ philosophically †¢ philosophize †¢ philosophizing Physical: Th ch t (adj) He tends to avoid all physical contact. †¢ physically Proportion: Ph n, t l Water covers a large proportion of the earth's surface. The proportion of regular smokers increases with age. A higher proportion of Americans go on to higher education than is the case in Britain. Children make up a large proportion of the world's population. †¢ proportional †¢ proportionally †¢ proportionate †¢ proportionately †¢ disproportion †¢ disproportionate †¢ disproportionately Published: Xu t b n The first e dition was published in 2007. †¢ publisher publishing †¢ unpublished Reaction: Ph n ng What was his reaction to the news? People can react badly to certain food additives. (†¦ph gia th c ph m) †¢ react †¢ reactionary †¢ reactivate †¢ reactivation ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -7- †¢ reactive †¢ reactor = nuclear reactor Registered: ? a nu c nang ki The ship was registered in Panama †¢ registration Nhom 3 Rely: Tin tu ng, d a vao (+on, upon) These days we rely heavily on computers to organize / organizing our work. †¢ reliability †¢ reliable †¢ reliably †¢ reliance †¢ reliant †¢ unreliability †¢ unreliable Remove: D i, di chuy n, nu i, xoa He removed his hand from her shoulder.Three children were removed from the school for persistent bad behaviour. †¢ removable †¢ removal Scheme: Am muu, i n , k ho ch A local scheme for recycling newspapers To introduce/operate a scheme t o improve links between schools and industry †¢ schematic †¢ schematically Sequence: S n i ti p, s lien ti p He described the sequence of events leading up to the robbery. (†¦v cu p) I got my slides mixed up and they appeared out of sequence. †¢ sequencing †¢ sequential †¢ sequentially Sex: Gi i tinh How can you tell what sex a fish is? †¢ sexism †¢ sexual ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -8- †¢ sexuality †¢ sexually Nhom 3Shift: Thay n i (tinh tinh, v tri, suy nghi, b n ch t, hinh dang) There has been a dramatic shift in public opinion on this matter. Public attitudes towards marriage have shifted over the past 50 years. Specify: Ch ro, ghi ro Remember to specify your size when ordering clothes. Forms must be returned by the specified date. †¢ specifiable †¢ unspecified Sufficient: ? Allow sufficient time to get there. These reasons are not sufficient to justify the ban. Is ? 100 sufficient for your expenses ? She didn't have sufficient time to answer all the questions. I was sufficiently close to hear what they were saying. †¢ insufficiency †¢ insufficient insufficiently †¢ sufficiency †¢ sufficiently Task: Nhi m v , ph n s Our first task is to set up a communications system. I was given the task of sorting out all the stuff in the garage Getting hold of this information was no easy task (= was difficult). Technical: (thu c) k thu t, chuyen mon We offer free technical support for those buying our software. Techniques: K x o, phuong phap k thu t, ki nang Her technique has improved a lot over the past season. Technology: K thu t h c,cong ngh h c The company has invested in the latest technology. †¢ technically †¢ technological †¢ technologically ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] om -9- Nhom 3 Valid: H p l , h p li She had valid reasons for not supporting the proposals. The point you make is perfectly valid. A valid argument †¢ invalidate †¢ invalidation †¢ invalidity †¢ validate †¢ validation †¢ validity †¢ validly Volume: Tuy n t p, t ng s lu ng, t ng lu ng How do you measure the volume of a gas This work has grown in volume recently. ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com – 10 – Nhom 4 Access: Truy c p You need a password to get access to the computer system. †¢ accessibility †¢ accessible †¢ inaccessibility †¢ inaccessible Adequate: ? I didn't have adequate time to prepare. The room was small but adequate.He didn't give an adequate answer to the question. Adequate for something The space available is not adequate for our needs. Adequate to do something training that is adequate to meet the future needs of industry †¢ adequacy †¢ adequately †¢ inadequacy †¢ inadequate †¢ inadequately Annual: Thu ng nien An average annual growth rate of 8% †¢ annually Apparent: Ro rang, hi n nhien It soon became apparent that she had lost interest in the project. Suddenly, for no apparent reason (= without a reason) he started screaming and shouting. Apparent (from something) (that†¦) It was apparent from her face that she was really upset.Apparent (to somebody) (that†¦) It soon became apparent to everyone that he couldn't sing. †¢ apparently Approximate: X p x The cost given is only approximate. †¢ approximately †¢ approximation ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -1- Nhom 4 Attitude: Thai n , quan ni m To have a good/bad/positive/negative attitude towards somebody/something The government's attitude towards single parents If you want to pass your exams you'd better change your attitude! You're taking a pretty selfish attitude over this, aren't you? He has a very bad attitude to/towards work.Attribute: Quy cho, cho r ng (n c bi t la noi, vi t, v smth) She attributes her success to hard work and a little luck. †¢ attributable †¢ attribution Civil: N i b †¢ civilly Code: B lu t It's written in code. Commitment: L i h a, rang bu c She doesn't want to make a big emotional commitment to Steve at the moment The company's commitment to providing quality at a reasonable price has been vital to its success. †¢ commit †¢ committed Communicate: Giao ti p, lien l c We only communicate by email. To communicate information/a message to somebody Has the news been communicated to the staff yet? Dolphins use sound to communicate with each other. communicable †¢ communication †¢ communicative Concentrate: S t p trung; noi t p trung A concentration of industry in the north of the country †¢ concentrated †¢ concentration ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -2- Nhom 4 Conference: H i ngh , s ban b c She is attending a three-day conference on AIDS education †¢ confer Contrast: S khac bi t, S tuong ph n Contrast (between A and B) There is an obvious contrast between the cultures of East and West. Contrast (to somebody/something) The company lost $7 million this quarter in contrast to a profit of $6. 2 million a year earlier. †¢ contrasting †¢ contrastive Cycle: Chu ki, chu trinhThey could not break the cycle of harvest failure, food shortage, price increase and misery. †¢ cyclic †¢ cyclical †¢ cyclically Debate: Cu c tranh lu n, cu c th o lu n The motion under debate (= being discussed) was put to a vote. After a long debate, Congress approved the proposal. †¢ debatable †¢ debating Despite: M c du Her voice was shaking despite all her efforts to control it Dimension: Kich c (size, cao, r ng, dai,†¦) We measured the dimensions of the kitchen. †¢ -dimensional (adj) having the number of dimensions mentioned (ex: a multidimensional model) †¢ multidimensional ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -3- Nhom 4Domestic: Trong nu c Output consists of both exports and sales on the domestic market. †¢ domestically †¢ domesticate à ¢â‚¬ ¢ domesticated †¢ domestication Emerge: (~transpire) L ra, ti t l ra (m t bi m t, m t s ki n.. ) It emerged that the company was going to be sold. No new evidence emerged during the investigation. A figure emerged from the shadows. †¢ emergence †¢ emergent Error: ~ Mistake: L i Error in something There are too many errors in your work. Error in doing something I think you have made an error in calculating the total. †¢ erroneous †¢ erroneously Ethnic: (thu c) b t c ethnic Albanians living in Germany †¢ ethnically †¢ ethnicityGoal: M c tieu Our ultimate goal must be the preservation of the environment. Grant: Tr c p The bank finally granted me a ? 500 loan. †¢ granted Hence = so = vi th nen = therefore I love SP so much, hence I try to be the her Mr. Right. He's got an interview today, hence the suit. ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -4- Nhom 4 Hypothesis: Gi thuy t There is little evidence to support these hypotheses. †¢ hypothesize †¢ hypothetical †¢ hypothetically Implement: (~carry out) Ap d ng, thi hanh (offically) Our new computerized system will soon be fully implemented. A new work programme for young people will be implemented †¢ implementationImplication: S keo theo, s dinh liu, h qu (effect? ) Financial/health implications They failed to consider the wider implications of their actions. This scheme has serious implications for the local economy. They failed to consider the wider implications of their actions. †¢ implicate Impose: Ap n t, ap d ng She is always trying to impose her opinion on/upon other people The time limits are imposed on us by factors outside our control. (to impose upon someone's kindness — l i d ng long t t c a ai) I don't want them to impose their religious beliefs on my children. †¢ imposition Integrate: H p nh t ~ Combine An integrated databaseIntegrate into/with something These programs will integrate with your existing software. I ntegrate A (into/with B)| integrate A and B These programs can be integrated with your existing software. Plans to integrate the two schools †¢ integrated †¢ integration Internal: N i, n i b The internal structure of a building †¢ internalization ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -5- †¢ internalize †¢ internally Nhom 4 Investigate: ? i u tra, nghien c u This is not the first time he has been investigated by the police for fraud. The FBI has been called in to investigate. Police are investigating possible links between the murders.Police are investigating what happened. He has been questioned by detectives investigating Jenkins' murder. †¢ investigation †¢ investigative †¢ investigator †¢ investigatory Job: Ngh nghi p She took a job as a waitress. Label: Nhan hi u He'll only wear clothes with a designer label. Mechanism: May moc, co ch (nghia nen va bong) Pain acts as a natural defence mechanism. Obvious: Ro rang, ranh m ch, hi n nhien †¢ obviously †¢ obviousness Occupational: (thu c) ngh nghi p Occupational disease †¢ occupancy †¢ occupant †¢ occupation †¢ occupationally †¢ occupied †¢ occupier †¢ occupy Option: S l a ch n There are various options open to you. inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -6- Nhom 4 (various = variety of) †¢ optional Output: S n ph m Manufacturing output has increased by 8%. Over the past year the factory's output has fallen by 15%. Overall: (~bib overalls) T ng l i, toan th (adj) There will be winners in each of three age groups, and one overall winner. An overall improvement in standards of living (= affecting everyone) The overall effect We lost the first game, but won overall. Parallel: Song song, tuong t The road and the canal are parallel to each other. Parallel adverb The road and the canal run parallel to each other. The plane flew parallel to the coast. unparalleled Parameter: Tham s (set/define the parameter s) We had to work within the parameters that had already been established. Phase: Giai no n, th i ki (~time, moment) She's going through a difficult phase. The wedding marked the beginning of a new phase in Emma's life. The first phase of the project is scheduled for completion next year. My younger daughter is going through a phase of only wearing black. Predict: (~forecast) D noan She predicted (that) the election result would be close. They predicted that the temperature would reach 80 degrees today. †¢ predictability †¢ predictable †¢ predictably prediction †¢ unpredictability †¢ unpredictable ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -7- †¢ unpredictably Nhom 4 Principal: Chinh, ch y u My principal concern is to get the job done fast. Her principal reason for moving is to be nearer her mother. New roads will link the principal cities of the area. †¢ principally Prior ~ before (adj) She will be unable to attend because of a prior engageme nt. The course requires no prior knowledge of Spanish. Visits are by prior arrangement. Please give us prior notice if you need an evening meal. During the week prior to the meeting Although not essential (c n thi t, quan tr ng? , some prior knowledge of statistics is desirable (ong mu n) Professional: (=pro) Chuyen nghi p He dealt with the problem in a highly professional way. †¢ pro †¢ professionalism †¢ professionally Project: D an, cong trinh nghien c u To set up a project to computerize the library system †¢ projection Promote: (~encourage) Khuy n khich A campaign to promote awareness (nh n th c) of environmental issues Policies to promote economic growth †¢ promoter †¢ promotion Regime: Ch n , chinh th Resolve: (~settle, solve) Gi i quy t Both sides met in order to try to resolve their differences. To resolve an issue/a dispute/a conflict/a crisis inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -8- Nhom 4 Be patient and the situation may resolve it self. An attempt to resolve the dispute (M t s c g ng gi i quy t tranh ch p) †¢ resolution †¢ unresolved Retain: (~preserve) Gi To retain your independence He struggled to retain control of the situation. The house retains much of its original charm. She retained her tennis title for the third year. This information is no longer retained within the computer's main memory. She has a good memory and finds it easy to retain facts. The council will retain control of the school. He struggled to retain control of the situation. †¢ retainer †¢ retention retentive Series: Lo t, day, chu i The first episode of the new series is on Saturday. Statistic (stats/star): S li u th ng ke According to official statistics the disease killed over 500 people. †¢ statistical †¢ statistically †¢ statistician Status: ? a v , than ph n Women are only asking to be given equal status with men. Stress: Ap l c Things can easily go wrong when people are under stress. †¢ st ressed †¢ stressed out †¢ stressful †¢ unstressed Subsequent: ? n sau, theo sau, x y sa sau (>< previous) Developments on this issue will be dealt with in a subsequent report. Aubsequent generations ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected]mail. com 9- Nhom 4 Subsequent events confirmed our doubts. †¢ subsequently (~later) The original interview notes were subsequently lost. Subsequently, new guidelines were issued to all employees. He subsequently became chairman of the party. Sum: T ng s (ti n) Huge sums have been invested in this project. Summary: Tom t t In summary, this was a disappointing performance. The following is a summary of our conclusions. †¢ summarily †¢ summarize †¢ summation †¢ sum Undertake: Nh n lam, cam k t I cant undertake to do that: toi khong th nh n lam ni u no The company has announced that it will undertake a full investigation into the accident. †¢ undertaking undertook ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protect ed] com – 10 – Nhom 5 Academic: Co tinh ch t h c thu t The students return in October for the start of the new academic year. †¢ academe †¢ academia †¢ academically †¢ academy Adjustment: S ni u ch nh I've made a few adjustments to the design. †¢ adjust †¢ readjust †¢ readjustment Alter: Thay n i, bi n n i (n i, ngo i) Prices did not alter significantly during 2007. He had altered so much I scarcely recognized him. Alter somebody/something It doesn't alter the way I feel. Nothing can alter the fact that we are to blame. †¢ alterable †¢ alteration †¢ alternate †¢ alternately †¢ alternation †¢ unalterable unaltered Amend: S a ch a l i (n i v i van b n: Lu t, h p n ng, tai li u) The contract has now been amended. †¢ amendment Aware: Nh n th y, Nh n bi t As far as I'm aware, nobody has done anything about it. Aware of something I don't think people are really aware of just how much it costs. He was well aware of the problem. Everybody should be made aware of the risks involved. Aware that†¦ Were you aware that something was wrong? †¢ awareness †¢ unaware †¢ unawareness ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -1- Nhom 5 Capacity: (~skilled, competent ) Co tai, co nang l c, co kh nang Capable of something You are capable of better work than this.Capable of doing something He's quite capable of lying to get out of trouble. I'm perfectly capable of doing it myself, thank you. †¢ incapacitate Challenge: S khu c t It was a direct challenge to the president's authority. †¢ challenged †¢ challenger †¢ challenging Clause: ? i u kho n (trong hi p u c, b lu t†¦) There is a clause in the contract forbidding tenants to sublet. Compound: H p ch t, t ghep†¦ (th g m 2 th tr len h p thanh) Common salt is a compound of sodium and chlorine. Conflict: S xung n t, n i l p, s va ch m John often comes into conflict with his boss. She found herself in conflict with her parents over her future career.The government has done nothing to resolve the conflict over nurses' pay. Consultation: S tham kh o, ban b c, s th o lu n The decision was taken after close consultation with local residents. †¢ consult †¢ consultancy †¢ consultant †¢ consultative Contact: S lien l c, lien h She's lost contact with her son. I finally made contact her in Paris. Have you kept in contact with any of your friends from college? The organization put me in contact with other people in a similar position. †¢ contactable Decline: S suy s p, tan t , suy tan The town fell into (a) after the mine closed. Industry in Britain has been in decline since the 1970s. inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -2- Nhom 5 Discretion: S t do lam theo y minh, s tuy i I'll leave it up to you to use your discretion. †¢ discrete †¢ discretely †¢ discreteness †¢ discretionary †¢ indiscretion Draft: B n phac th o I've mad e a rough draft of the letter. (phac th o nhap) The legislation is still in draft form. †¢ redraft Enable: (~allow): Lam cho co th (help? ) The software enables you to create your own DVDs. Insulin enables the body to use and store sugar. Energy: Nang lu ng It is important to conserve energy. †¢ energetic †¢ energetically Enforce: Ep bu c. (obey: tuan theo)The legislation will be difficult to enforce. It is the duty of the police to enforce the law. United Nations troops enforced a ceasefire in the area. (l nh ng ng b n) †¢ enforceable †¢ enforced †¢ enforcement Entity: Th c th , s t n t i These countries can no longer be viewed as a single entity. The unit has become part of a larger department and no longer exists as a separate entity. Equivalent: Tuong nuong 250 grams or an equivalent amount in ouncesequivalent to something Eight kilometres is roughly equivalent to five miles. †¢ equivalence ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -3- Nh om 5Evolution: Ti n hoa, ti n tri n (qua trinh) Darwin's theory of evolution †¢ evolutionarily †¢ evolutionary †¢ evolutionism †¢ evolutionist †¢ evolve Expansion: S m r ng, s phat tri n The expansion of higher education will continue. †¢ expand †¢ expansionism †¢ expansionist †¢ expansive †¢ expansively †¢ expansiveness Expose: (~reveal ) V ch tr n, phoi bay My job as a journalist is to expose the truth. Expose something to somebody He did not want to expose his fears and insecurity to anyone. †¢ exposed †¢ exposure External: ngoai, ben ngoai The lotion is for external use only (= only for the skin and must not be swallowed). externality †¢ externalization †¢ externalize †¢ externally Facilitate: Lam cho d dang, kh thi hon The new trade agreement should facilitate more rapid economic growth. †¢ facilitation †¢ facilitator †¢ facility ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -4- Nho m 5 Fundamental: (~basic, essential ) Co b n, co s , ch y u There is a fundamental difference between the two points of view. A fundamental change in the organization of health services was required. †¢ fundamentally Generate: Sinh ra, phat ra We need someone to generate new ideas. Generation: Th h I often wonder what future generations will make of our efforts.Image: Hinh tu ng The aim is to improve the public image of the police. †¢ imagery Liberal: Khoan dung, khoan h ng, dung hoa A liberal attitude Her parents were very liberal. †¢ liberalism †¢ liberalization †¢ liberalize †¢ liberally †¢ liberate †¢ liberated †¢ liberation †¢ liberator Licence: Gi y phep A licence for the software You need a licence to fish in this river. †¢ unlicensed Logic: Lo gic, tinh lo gic I fail to see the logic behind his argument. †¢ illogical / †¢ logical †¢ illogicality †¢ illogically ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protecte d] com -5- Nhom 5 †¢ logically †¢ logician Margin: s khac nhau trong s phi u b uHe won by a narrow margin. She beat the other runners by a margin of ten seconds. †¢ marginal †¢ marginally Medical: (thu c) Y, Y h c Medical school: tru ng y A medical officer: quan y si †¢ medically Mental: (thu c) tri tu , (thu c) tri oc I made a mental note to talk to her about it He has a complete mental block (= difficulty in understanding or remembering) when it comes to physics. †¢ mentality †¢ mentally Modify: (~adjust) Lam d u nh , xoa d u; (~ adapt): S a n i, thay n i The software we use has been modified for us. †¢ modification †¢ unmodified Monitor: Quan sat, theo doi (s thay n i) Network: M ng lu i, h th ngA network of veins Notion: Khai ni m, ni m, ni m tin, quan ni m She had only a vague notion of what might happen. Notion (that†¦) I have to reject the notion that greed can be a good thing. Objective: Khach quan I can’t be objective when I judge my daughter’s work. †¢ objectively †¢ objectivity ?inh Nho Hi p – [email  protected] com -6- Nhom 5 Orientation: S n nh hu ng He's very secretive about his political orientation. orientation to/towards something Companies have been forced into a greater orientation to the market. †¢ orient †¢ orientate †¢ reorient †¢ reorientation Perspective: (~viewpoint) Quan ni m, goc nhin nh n